University of Tehran Press Iranian Journal of Biosystem Engineering 2008-4803 57 1 2026 04 21 Improving Performance and Reducing Emissions of a Diesel Engine Using a Hybrid Tri-Fuel: Diesel, Bioethanol, and Iron Oxide (Fe₃O₄) Nanoparticles, An Experimental Study Improving Performance and Reducing Emissions of a Diesel Engine Using a Hybrid Tri-Fuel: Diesel, Bioethanol, and Iron Oxide (Fe₃O₄) Nanoparticles, An Experimental Study 17 36 106677 10.22059/ijbse.2025.404789.665625 FA Abbas Taghipour Institute of Manufacturing Engineering and Industrial Technologies, Dez.C. , Islamic Azad University, Dezful, Iran 0000-0002-1225-6594 Behzad Azizimehr Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Mechanics and Applied Industries, Technical and Vocational University (TVU), Tehran, Iran 0000-0002-5386-3120 Journal Article 2025 10 22 This study investigates the simultaneous effect of bioethanol and iron oxide nanoparticles as fuel additives to diesel on the performance parameters and emission of a diesel engine. This ternary combination experimentally demonstrates the mechanism for improving combustion and simultaneously reducing key pollutants. The fuel blends consisted of diesel, bioethanol (0 to 12% by volume), and iron oxide nanoparticles (5-15 ppm). Experiments were conducted in the speed range of 1800 to 2600 rpm, and performance parameters (torque, power, specific fuel consumption) as well as emissions of carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, unburned hydrocarbons, and nitrogen oxides were measured. The results indicate an improvement in engine performance parameters due to better combustion, resulting from increased oxygen availability. Specifically, the power increase for the B12D88 fuel blend containing 15 ppm of nanoparticles compared to pure diesel fuel is 17.48%. Although the increase in bioethanol, due to its lower calorific value, led to a torque reduction of up to 8.8%, the presence of nanoparticles as a catalyst decreased the SFC by 22.1%, contrary to theoretical predictions. This ternary combination resulted in a reduction of CO by up to 33.3% and CO2 by up to 12.5%, while it did not have a significant effect on unburned hydrocarbons and nitrogen oxides. Based on the results, adding nanoparticles to diesel-bioethanol blends is an effective strategy for improving engine performance and reducing carbon monoxide emissions. Although its effect on nitrogen oxides is less significant, an optimal balance between performance and emissions can be achieved by optimizing the bioethanol ratio. This study investigates the simultaneous effect of bioethanol and iron oxide nanoparticles as fuel additives to diesel on the performance parameters and emission of a diesel engine. This ternary combination experimentally demonstrates the mechanism for improving combustion and simultaneously reducing key pollutants. The fuel blends consisted of diesel, bioethanol (0 to 12% by volume), and iron oxide nanoparticles (5-15 ppm). Experiments were conducted in the speed range of 1800 to 2600 rpm, and performance parameters (torque, power, specific fuel consumption) as well as emissions of carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, unburned hydrocarbons, and nitrogen oxides were measured. The results indicate an improvement in engine performance parameters due to better combustion, resulting from increased oxygen availability. Specifically, the power increase for the B12D88 fuel blend containing 15 ppm of nanoparticles compared to pure diesel fuel is 17.48%. Although the increase in bioethanol, due to its lower calorific value, led to a torque reduction of up to 8.8%, the presence of nanoparticles as a catalyst decreased the SFC by 22.1%, contrary to theoretical predictions. This ternary combination resulted in a reduction of CO by up to 33.3% and CO2 by up to 12.5%, while it did not have a significant effect on unburned hydrocarbons and nitrogen oxides. Based on the results, adding nanoparticles to diesel-bioethanol blends is an effective strategy for improving engine performance and reducing carbon monoxide emissions. Although its effect on nitrogen oxides is less significant, an optimal balance between performance and emissions can be achieved by optimizing the bioethanol ratio. https://ijbse.ut.ac.ir/article_106677_3c37cd4414c23996a02cdd2f3ba464fe.pdf