University of Tehran Press Iranian Journal of Biosystem Engineering 2008-4803 51 2 2020 06 21 Development of a pH Nano-sensor based on Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy in Order to Use in Rumen Monitoring System Development of a pH Nano-sensor based on Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy in Order to Use in Rumen Monitoring System 235 245 77047 10.22059/ijbse.2020.295667.665261 FA Earaj Bagvand PhD Student, Mechanic of Biosystem Engineering minor in Agricultural Machinery Design, Faculty of Agricultural Engineering and Technology, University of Tehran, Iran. Mahmoud Omid Professor, Department of Agricultural Machinery Engineering, Faculty of Agricultural Engineering and Technology, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj: Iran Taher Alizadeh Professor, Department of Electrochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Tehran, Iran. Hossein Mousazadeh Associate Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering of Agriculture Machinery, Faculty of Agricultural Engineering and Technology, University of Tehran, Iran. Journal Article 2020 01 11 It is necessary to use methods to monitor the pH of the rumen and maintain it between 5.5 and 7. In this research, a pH Nano-sensor based on EIS technique was developed and assessed in order to be used in wireless monitoring system of rumen pH. Single-Wall Carbone Nanotubes were functionalized with carboxylic groups (COOH), also with Amin groups (NHRNH₂). Then interdigitated chrome-gold electrodes were coated by a drop of the solution obtained from dispersing with a known ratio of COOH-SWNT and Amin-SWNT in PECH/THF solution. Finally, the developed electrode was used as working electrode in EIS experiments over the laboratorial and real (rumen liquid) samples in the form of buffer solutions, adjusted at various pH values. Each experiment was done by applying AC voltages of 20 mV with frequencies ranging from 0.1Hz to 1MHz. Results showed that the developed electrode was pH sensitive and for real samples, impedance modulus, |Z|, linearly increased with pH (Freq.=0.4kHz, R² =0.99). It is necessary to use methods to monitor the pH of the rumen and maintain it between 5.5 and 7. In this research, a pH Nano-sensor based on EIS technique was developed and assessed in order to be used in wireless monitoring system of rumen pH. Single-Wall Carbone Nanotubes were functionalized with carboxylic groups (COOH), also with Amin groups (NHRNH₂). Then interdigitated chrome-gold electrodes were coated by a drop of the solution obtained from dispersing with a known ratio of COOH-SWNT and Amin-SWNT in PECH/THF solution. Finally, the developed electrode was used as working electrode in EIS experiments over the laboratorial and real (rumen liquid) samples in the form of buffer solutions, adjusted at various pH values. Each experiment was done by applying AC voltages of 20 mV with frequencies ranging from 0.1Hz to 1MHz. Results showed that the developed electrode was pH sensitive and for real samples, impedance modulus, |Z|, linearly increased with pH (Freq.=0.4kHz, R² =0.99). https://ijbse.ut.ac.ir/article_77047_a9c56dcef0a9be0e35055e4898b902d9.pdf

University of Tehran Press Iranian Journal of Biosystem Engineering 2008-4803 51 2 2020 06 21 Application of Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) In Order to Reduction of Consumption Inputs in Silage Corn production in the Shahrekord County Application of Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) In Order to Reduction of Consumption Inputs in Silage Corn production in the Shahrekord County 247 261 77048 10.22059/ijbse.2020.297972.665278 FA Hossein Rastegar Department of Mechanical Engineering of Biosystems, Faculty of Agriculture, Shahrekord University, PO Box 115, Shahrekord, 88186-34141, Iran. Amin Lotfalian Dehkordi Department of Mechanical Engineering of Biosystems, Faculty of Agriculture, Shahrekord University, PO Box 115, Shahrekord, 88186-34141, Iran Asghar Abedi Department of Mechanical Engineering of Biosystems, Faculty of Agriculture, Shahrekord University, PO Box 115, Shahrekord, 88186-34141, Iran. Morteza Taki Department of agricultural machinery and mechanization- Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University of Khuzestan-Mollasani Journal Article 2020 02 22 Analysis of energy consumption provides useful information for planners and policymakers to improve the efficiency of energy consumption. This study was conducted to evaluate and investigating the the energy flow and greenhouse emissions in silage corn production by data envelopment analysis method. The primary data was collected from 50 farms of silage corn production in the Shahrekord County by simple random sampling. The total amount of inputs energy and output energy was 77693 MJ.ha^-1 and 502669 MJ.ha^-1, respectively, which after improving in inputs consumption was resulted a reduction of 12080 MJ /ha in total inputs energy. Energy ratio (ER) and energy productivity (EP) were determined as 3.1, 2.57 MJ.kg^-1 in actual conditions and 3.67 and 2.17 MJ.kg^-1in optimization conditions, respectively. Electricity was identified as major contributor to total energy consumption as 41205 MJ.ha^-1 (53.3%) and also after improving in inputs consumption, the summation of water and electricity had the most contribution on the total energy saving with the share of 22%. Also, the total GHG emission in actual and optimum conditions were calculated as 2885.5 and 2554.5 kgCO₂eq. per ha, respectively. Analysis of energy consumption provides useful information for planners and policymakers to improve the efficiency of energy consumption. This study was conducted to evaluate and investigating the the energy flow and greenhouse emissions in silage corn production by data envelopment analysis method. The primary data was collected from 50 farms of silage corn production in the Shahrekord County by simple random sampling. The total amount of inputs energy and output energy was 77693 MJ.ha^-1 and 502669 MJ.ha^-1, respectively, which after improving in inputs consumption was resulted a reduction of 12080 MJ /ha in total inputs energy. Energy ratio (ER) and energy productivity (EP) were determined as 3.1, 2.57 MJ.kg^-1 in actual conditions and 3.67 and 2.17 MJ.kg^-1in optimization conditions, respectively. Electricity was identified as major contributor to total energy consumption as 41205 MJ.ha^-1 (53.3%) and also after improving in inputs consumption, the summation of water and electricity had the most contribution on the total energy saving with the share of 22%. Also, the total GHG emission in actual and optimum conditions were calculated as 2885.5 and 2554.5 kgCO₂eq. per ha, respectively. https://ijbse.ut.ac.ir/article_77048_5adb5440ad6e70370d088c319994b20e.pdf

University of Tehran Press Iranian Journal of Biosystem Engineering 2008-4803 51 2 2020 06 21 Investigating the Pattern of Energy Consumption, Sensitivity Analysis and Economic Performance of Plum Production in Khansar Township, Isfahan, Iran Investigating the Pattern of Energy Consumption, Sensitivity Analysis and Economic Performance of Plum Production in Khansar Township, Isfahan, Iran 263 272 77049 10.22059/ijbse.2020.278816.665175 FA Golmohammad Khoobbakht Assistant Professor, Department of Agricultural Engineering, Payame Noor University, Tehran, Iran Asadollah Akram Department of Agricultural Machinery Engineering, Faculty of Agricultural Engineering and Technology, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran Journal Article 2019 04 10 The purposes of this study were to determine energy use pattern and study the relationships between energy inputs and yield, costs and revenue for plum production in Khansar Township. In this research, the required information was collected by questionnaire and face-to-face interview with gardeners. The inputs included labor, machinery, diesel fuel, chemical and organic fertilizers, irrigation water and electricity. The Cobb-Douglas model and sensitivity analysis were used to investigate the effect of input energy on performance. In this study the total energy used to produce plum was 56721.19 MJ/ha, and the electricity input with 66.25% was as the most common source of energy in plum production. The share of renewable energy for this product was 3.36%. The results of the Cobb Douglas function showed that the energy inputs of human labor, electricity, chemical fertilizer had a significant effect on performance. The results of sensitivity analysis showed that among the energy inputs, human labor energy had the highest marginal physical productivity (MPP) and the energy of human labor had the highest effect (0.87) compared with other sources in the production of plums. Energy efficiency for plum production was 0.46 and the human labor accounted for the highest production cost with 70.75%. Also, the benefit to cost ratio in the production of plum was calculated as 1.9. The purposes of this study were to determine energy use pattern and study the relationships between energy inputs and yield, costs and revenue for plum production in Khansar Township. In this research, the required information was collected by questionnaire and face-to-face interview with gardeners. The inputs included labor, machinery, diesel fuel, chemical and organic fertilizers, irrigation water and electricity. The Cobb-Douglas model and sensitivity analysis were used to investigate the effect of input energy on performance. In this study the total energy used to produce plum was 56721.19 MJ/ha, and the electricity input with 66.25% was as the most common source of energy in plum production. The share of renewable energy for this product was 3.36%. The results of the Cobb Douglas function showed that the energy inputs of human labor, electricity, chemical fertilizer had a significant effect on performance. The results of sensitivity analysis showed that among the energy inputs, human labor energy had the highest marginal physical productivity (MPP) and the energy of human labor had the highest effect (0.87) compared with other sources in the production of plums. Energy efficiency for plum production was 0.46 and the human labor accounted for the highest production cost with 70.75%. Also, the benefit to cost ratio in the production of plum was calculated as 1.9. https://ijbse.ut.ac.ir/article_77049_c6bb236cf97c43a4f299024e54b8f60e.pdf

University of Tehran Press Iranian Journal of Biosystem Engineering 2008-4803 51 2 2020 06 21 Design, Development and Evaluation of a Pneumatic Planter for Sunflower and Sugar Beet Intercropping Design, Development and Evaluation of a Pneumatic Planter for Sunflower and Sugar Beet Intercropping 273 283 77050 10.22059/ijbse.2020.291819.665239 FA MohammadReza Maleki Department ofBiosystems Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Kurdistan, Sanandaj, Iran Hosein Hosein Minekhati Department of Biosystems Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Kurdistan Samira Zareei Assistant Professor Journal Article 2019 11 02 One of the main problems in intercropping is the lack of suitable machinery‏. In this research, a new pneumatic punch planter has been developed and evaluated for intercropping of sugar beet and sunflower. The main components of sunflower pneumatic punch planter were chassis, punching unit, and seed transferring unit.‏ A unit of pneumatic planter fabricated by Trashkadeh Company Karaj (Iran) was removed and a unit of punch planter was incorporated on the toolbar instead and intercropping was performed. The experimental tests were carried out in a 4-ha field and the effect of traveling speeds of 3, 4 and 5 km/h on seed holes, seed depth, the number of germinated seeds and yield was evaluated. A completely randomized design at three speeds and three repetitions using Duncan’s Multiple Range Test was utilized for comparison uses. No variations in hole depth was observed at travel speed of 3 km/h; where the maximum germinated seeds were achieved as well as minimum variation in hole distances. The results showed that the use of pneumatic punch planter caused 9.69 and 12.45 percent increase in sugar beet and sunflower yields, respectively. One of the main problems in intercropping is the lack of suitable machinery‏. In this research, a new pneumatic punch planter has been developed and evaluated for intercropping of sugar beet and sunflower. The main components of sunflower pneumatic punch planter were chassis, punching unit, and seed transferring unit.‏ A unit of pneumatic planter fabricated by Trashkadeh Company Karaj (Iran) was removed and a unit of punch planter was incorporated on the toolbar instead and intercropping was performed. The experimental tests were carried out in a 4-ha field and the effect of traveling speeds of 3, 4 and 5 km/h on seed holes, seed depth, the number of germinated seeds and yield was evaluated. A completely randomized design at three speeds and three repetitions using Duncan’s Multiple Range Test was utilized for comparison uses. No variations in hole depth was observed at travel speed of 3 km/h; where the maximum germinated seeds were achieved as well as minimum variation in hole distances. The results showed that the use of pneumatic punch planter caused 9.69 and 12.45 percent increase in sugar beet and sunflower yields, respectively. https://ijbse.ut.ac.ir/article_77050_f58cb7e0f355ea18956595c47e16f0e0.pdf

University of Tehran Press Iranian Journal of Biosystem Engineering 2008-4803 51 2 2020 06 21 Acidic Hydrolysis of Bread Waste for Bio-ethanol Production by Saccharomyces Cerevisiae Acidic Hydrolysis of Bread Waste for Bio-ethanol Production by Saccharomyces Cerevisiae 285 293 77051 10.22059/ijbse.2020.271766.665133 FA Samane Torabi Dept. Agro-technology, College of Abouraihan, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran. Seyed Reza Hassan-Beygi ٍِDept. Agro-technology, College of Abouraihan, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran Behzad Sattari Dept. Food Industry, College of Aburaihan, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran Barat Ghobadian Dept. of Bio-system Engineering, College of Agriculture, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran Journal Article 2018 12 24 In-spite of large amounts production of bread waste annually, this waste is not suitable for food and animal feed applications due to aflatoxin contamination. In this study, bio-ethanol production from bread waste by <em>Saccharomyces cerevisiae</em> was investigated using acidic hydrolysis method. The acidic hydrolysis was performed by an autoclave apparatus. The effect of acidic solution concentration and time on amount of glucose was investigated. The experiments were carried out at loading of 160 g/l. Reduction of aflatoxin was measured for the sample with the greatest yield in acid hydrolysis. The sample obtained from hydrolysis was used for the production of bio-ethanol using <em>Saccharomyces cerevisiae</em>. The results showed that the effect of concentration of acid and time was significant at 1% level on the amount of glucose. Hydrolysis liberated the greatest amount of carbohydrate (80.64 g/l glucose) at the acidic solution concentration of 1% and time of 20 minutes. Also, acidic hydrolysis reduced aflatoxin B₁ and B₂ by 100% and 20.70%, respectively. The greatest percentage of bio-ethanol production in the fermentation phase of hydrolysis samples was 4.7 (v / v%). In-spite of large amounts production of bread waste annually, this waste is not suitable for food and animal feed applications due to aflatoxin contamination. In this study, bio-ethanol production from bread waste by <em>Saccharomyces cerevisiae</em> was investigated using acidic hydrolysis method. The acidic hydrolysis was performed by an autoclave apparatus. The effect of acidic solution concentration and time on amount of glucose was investigated. The experiments were carried out at loading of 160 g/l. Reduction of aflatoxin was measured for the sample with the greatest yield in acid hydrolysis. The sample obtained from hydrolysis was used for the production of bio-ethanol using <em>Saccharomyces cerevisiae</em>. The results showed that the effect of concentration of acid and time was significant at 1% level on the amount of glucose. Hydrolysis liberated the greatest amount of carbohydrate (80.64 g/l glucose) at the acidic solution concentration of 1% and time of 20 minutes. Also, acidic hydrolysis reduced aflatoxin B₁ and B₂ by 100% and 20.70%, respectively. The greatest percentage of bio-ethanol production in the fermentation phase of hydrolysis samples was 4.7 (v / v%). https://ijbse.ut.ac.ir/article_77051_831446e39f24cd6657b2bf703739fdff.pdf

University of Tehran Press Iranian Journal of Biosystem Engineering 2008-4803 51 2 2020 06 21 Design, Fabrication and Test of Integrated Acoustic-Vibration Fruit Texture Analyzer Design, Fabrication and Test of Integrated Acoustic-Vibration Fruit Texture Analyzer 295 304 77052 10.22059/ijbse.2020.286315.665215 FA Zahed Fathizadeh PhD Student in Biosystems Engineering, Department of Agrotechnology, Abouraihan Campus, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran Mohammad Aboonajmi Associate Professor, Department of Agrotechnology, Abouraihan Campus, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran Seyed Reza Hasanbeygi Professor, Department of Agrotechnology, Abouraihan Campus, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran Journal Article 2019 09 03     Using the  acoustic response analysis is one of the non-destructive methods to determine the texture quality and firmness of fruits such as apples, pears, peaches and other crops such as watermelon, melon and cantaloupe. In this study, a portable device designed and fabricated which has a pendulum to apply the computer-controlled impact to the sample, to investigate the non-destructive quality of apple fruit based on firmness. When pendulum hits the sample, both the acoustic and vibration sensors simultaneously receive the impact signals and after transferring to the computer, the fast Fourier transform will calculate their dominant frequency. The sample firmness index is calculated from the dominant frequency and weight. The dominant frequencies and firmness indices obtained by this device for apple fruit were correlated more than 92% and 93% with puncture firmness and elasticity module respectively, and were significant at 1% level. Experimental results showed that the vibration signals have better results for estimation of elasticity modulus (more than 96 % accuracy) and acoustic signals to estimate the firmness (accuracy of more than 95 %).     Using the  acoustic response analysis is one of the non-destructive methods to determine the texture quality and firmness of fruits such as apples, pears, peaches and other crops such as watermelon, melon and cantaloupe. In this study, a portable device designed and fabricated which has a pendulum to apply the computer-controlled impact to the sample, to investigate the non-destructive quality of apple fruit based on firmness. When pendulum hits the sample, both the acoustic and vibration sensors simultaneously receive the impact signals and after transferring to the computer, the fast Fourier transform will calculate their dominant frequency. The sample firmness index is calculated from the dominant frequency and weight. The dominant frequencies and firmness indices obtained by this device for apple fruit were correlated more than 92% and 93% with puncture firmness and elasticity module respectively, and were significant at 1% level. Experimental results showed that the vibration signals have better results for estimation of elasticity modulus (more than 96 % accuracy) and acoustic signals to estimate the firmness (accuracy of more than 95 %). https://ijbse.ut.ac.ir/article_77052_c8b79e39b43210b3bb5edb113e25d3fe.pdf

University of Tehran Press Iranian Journal of Biosystem Engineering 2008-4803 51 2 2020 06 21 Design, Development and Laboratory Evaluation of Grooved Roller Metering Device for Corn Planting Design, Development and Laboratory Evaluation of Grooved Roller Metering Device for Corn Planting 305 317 77053 10.22059/ijbse.2020.292725.665243 FA Hossein Balanian Biosystem Engineering Department, School of Agriculture, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran Seyed Hossein Karparvarfard Department of Biosystem Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran 0000-0001-9060-0867 Journal Article 2019 11 24 Precision planters provide accurate placement of single seeds at equal and uniform intervals within rows by metering devices. Air drum, inclined plate, belt, horizontal plate and roller meter device used for precision planter which the roller metering device was used mostly. Three levels of number of slots (4, 5 and 6) and three levels of slots mouth (, and ) were considered as the new metering device parameters. So, nine new metering devices were made by PTFE Teflon. The experiments were done by grease belt system with three different forward speeds (2.5, 3.5 and 4.5 km.h^-1) and four Rotational speed ratios (0.5, 0.67, 0.75 and 1) in three replications as a completely randomized factorial design. Multiple index, quality of feed index, miss index and precision index were considered for laboratory evaluation of the metering device. Based on the results, the optimum design values for single-seed metering device were 5 slots with 24.5 degrees in the slots mouth in 3.5 km.h^-1 forward speed and 0.67 rotational speed ratio (52 rpm rotational speed). Precision planters provide accurate placement of single seeds at equal and uniform intervals within rows by metering devices. Air drum, inclined plate, belt, horizontal plate and roller meter device used for precision planter which the roller metering device was used mostly. Three levels of number of slots (4, 5 and 6) and three levels of slots mouth (, and ) were considered as the new metering device parameters. So, nine new metering devices were made by PTFE Teflon. The experiments were done by grease belt system with three different forward speeds (2.5, 3.5 and 4.5 km.h^-1) and four Rotational speed ratios (0.5, 0.67, 0.75 and 1) in three replications as a completely randomized factorial design. Multiple index, quality of feed index, miss index and precision index were considered for laboratory evaluation of the metering device. Based on the results, the optimum design values for single-seed metering device were 5 slots with 24.5 degrees in the slots mouth in 3.5 km.h^-1 forward speed and 0.67 rotational speed ratio (52 rpm rotational speed). https://ijbse.ut.ac.ir/article_77053_592a47e58606fcab34f3154517a3d5e8.pdf

University of Tehran Press Iranian Journal of Biosystem Engineering 2008-4803 51 2 2020 06 21 Provide a Method Based on Image Processing and Artificial Neural Network for Using on Automatic Adjustment of Onion Topper Provide a Method Based on Image Processing and Artificial Neural Network for Using on Automatic Adjustment of Onion Topper 319 328 77054 10.22059/ijbse.2020.286007.665205 FA Moslem Afruz Ph.D. Student, Department of Mechanic of Agricultural Machinery, Tehran Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran Babak Beheshti Assistant Professor, Department of Mechanic of Agricultural Machinery, Tehran Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran Mohsen Heidarisoltanabadi Member of scientific staff/Esfahan Center of Agricultural and Natural Resource Research MOHAMMAD REZA Ebrahimzadeh Assistant Professor, Department of Engineering, Agricultural Group, Yadegar -e- Imam Khomeini (RAH) Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran Journal Article 2019 07 29 Tractor mounted onion topper is one of the technologies used to remove onion leaves. The position of the blades in this machine plays an important role in the quality of the onion topping. In the case of communication between the physical characteristics of the bulbs and the length of the leaves remaining after the topping, it is possible to provide methods for automatic adjustment of the blades. In this research, a method was proposed to calculate the diameters of the bulbs before topping using image processing. Then the remaining leaf length on onions was estimated in topping process using the Multi-Layer perceptron (MLP) and the bulbs were classified in four groups according to the size of the leaves remaining by using the Learning Vector Quantization (LVQ). The statically parameters such as root mean square error, mean absolute error, specificity, precision, sensitivity and accuracy were used to evaluate the networks. The results showed that the designed neural network predicted leaf cutting height with RMSE and MAE values ​​of 0.025 and 0.01 respectively. Also, the classification of onions was carried out with a total accuracy of 91%. The results of this research can be used to set up automated mechanisms of cutting blades in onion topper. Tractor mounted onion topper is one of the technologies used to remove onion leaves. The position of the blades in this machine plays an important role in the quality of the onion topping. In the case of communication between the physical characteristics of the bulbs and the length of the leaves remaining after the topping, it is possible to provide methods for automatic adjustment of the blades. In this research, a method was proposed to calculate the diameters of the bulbs before topping using image processing. Then the remaining leaf length on onions was estimated in topping process using the Multi-Layer perceptron (MLP) and the bulbs were classified in four groups according to the size of the leaves remaining by using the Learning Vector Quantization (LVQ). The statically parameters such as root mean square error, mean absolute error, specificity, precision, sensitivity and accuracy were used to evaluate the networks. The results showed that the designed neural network predicted leaf cutting height with RMSE and MAE values ​​of 0.025 and 0.01 respectively. Also, the classification of onions was carried out with a total accuracy of 91%. The results of this research can be used to set up automated mechanisms of cutting blades in onion topper. https://ijbse.ut.ac.ir/article_77054_397aaef242b52438a817760d2a238c9b.pdf

University of Tehran Press Iranian Journal of Biosystem Engineering 2008-4803 51 2 2020 06 21 Experimental and Numerical Investigation of Deviation Blade Effect on Sedimentation Chamber Performance in Chickpea Harvesting Machine Experimental and Numerical Investigation of Deviation Blade Effect on Sedimentation Chamber Performance in Chickpea Harvesting Machine 329 339 77055 10.22059/ijbse.2020.276317.665166 FA Mansour Zobeiri Msc Student, Department of Biosystems Engineering, Agricultural Faculty, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran. Vahid Rostampour Assistant Professor, Department of Biosystems Engineering, Agricultural Faculty, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran Adel Rezvanivand Fanaei PhD Student, Department of Biosystems Engineering, Agricultural Faculty, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran 0000-0002-4260-0296 Ali Mohammad Nikbakht Associate Professor, Department of Biosystems Engineering, Agricultural Faculty, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran Journal Article 2019 02 24 The sedimentation chambers are used in various agricultural systems. In this study, an innovative design of the chickpea sedimentation chamber including the chamber with the flow path deviation blade are considered and the effect of this blade on the sedimentation efficiency, required flow, distribution of air flow and chamber erosion were investigated experimentally and numerically. The computational fluids dynamics for numerical simulations was used. A laboratory setup equipped with a hot wire anemometer and differential pressure meter was used to obtain the velocity and pressure data and model validation. The results showed that the use of the flow path diversion blade has an 11.4% increase in sedimentation efficiency, reduction of 6.67% of the required airflow and cause the reduction of erosion in chamber. The sedimentation chambers are used in various agricultural systems. In this study, an innovative design of the chickpea sedimentation chamber including the chamber with the flow path deviation blade are considered and the effect of this blade on the sedimentation efficiency, required flow, distribution of air flow and chamber erosion were investigated experimentally and numerically. The computational fluids dynamics for numerical simulations was used. A laboratory setup equipped with a hot wire anemometer and differential pressure meter was used to obtain the velocity and pressure data and model validation. The results showed that the use of the flow path diversion blade has an 11.4% increase in sedimentation efficiency, reduction of 6.67% of the required airflow and cause the reduction of erosion in chamber. https://ijbse.ut.ac.ir/article_77055_3cd751fa96b3d762ee14efc8f54a04c9.pdf

University of Tehran Press Iranian Journal of Biosystem Engineering 2008-4803 51 2 2020 06 21 Design, Developement and Evaluation of a Screw Feeder with Helical Mixer for Using in Triboaeroelectrostatic Mechanism Design, Developement and Evaluation of a Screw Feeder with Helical Mixer for Using in Triboaeroelectrostatic Mechanism 341 349 77056 10.22059/ijbse.2020.277933.665172 FA Fereshteh Rashidi Department of Biosystems Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran Kazem Jafarinaeimi Assistant Professor, Biosystems Engineering, Agriculture Faculty, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran. Hossein Maghsoudi Assistant Professor, Biosystems Engineering, Agriculture Faculty, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran. Journal Article 2019 06 25 In this paper, a screw feeder with a helical ribbon mixer was designed and developed and evaluated for feeding Sisybrum seeds into a triboaeroelectrostatic mechanism for separating the impurities of fine grains. In order to check the feeding rates, the effects of rotational speed of screw in 3 levels of (60rpm, 90rpm and 120rpm), channeled plane outlet type in 3 levels of circle perforation with 4mm diameter, circle perforation with 6mm diameter and groove shaped with 5mm width and 280mm length and hopper location in 2 levels of (upside the conveying screw and upside the helical mixer) was investigated. The results was analysed on the basis of factorial experiment with randomized completely design. The results of comparing means based on multi-domain Duncan test showed that the most feeding rate is at the speed of 120rpm, groove shaped outlet and hopper location 2, and the least feeding rate is at the speed of 90rpm and hopper location 1. The most appropriate feeding rate for feeding Sisybrium seed into triboaeroelectrostatic by screw feeder is at the speed of 90rpm, circle perforation outlet with 4mm diameter and hopper location 1. The results by evaluating feeder operation on triboaeroelectrostatic mechanism showed that the feeder caused increasing material weight with the most purity (97%) and increasing separated impurity weight as twice as much of their amount without using feeder, by mixing material and charging them with static electric load. In this paper, a screw feeder with a helical ribbon mixer was designed and developed and evaluated for feeding Sisybrum seeds into a triboaeroelectrostatic mechanism for separating the impurities of fine grains. In order to check the feeding rates, the effects of rotational speed of screw in 3 levels of (60rpm, 90rpm and 120rpm), channeled plane outlet type in 3 levels of circle perforation with 4mm diameter, circle perforation with 6mm diameter and groove shaped with 5mm width and 280mm length and hopper location in 2 levels of (upside the conveying screw and upside the helical mixer) was investigated. The results was analysed on the basis of factorial experiment with randomized completely design. The results of comparing means based on multi-domain Duncan test showed that the most feeding rate is at the speed of 120rpm, groove shaped outlet and hopper location 2, and the least feeding rate is at the speed of 90rpm and hopper location 1. The most appropriate feeding rate for feeding Sisybrium seed into triboaeroelectrostatic by screw feeder is at the speed of 90rpm, circle perforation outlet with 4mm diameter and hopper location 1. The results by evaluating feeder operation on triboaeroelectrostatic mechanism showed that the feeder caused increasing material weight with the most purity (97%) and increasing separated impurity weight as twice as much of their amount without using feeder, by mixing material and charging them with static electric load. https://ijbse.ut.ac.ir/article_77056_3f0c9ea838e8ba2374cf54d4959046f4.pdf

University of Tehran Press Iranian Journal of Biosystem Engineering 2008-4803 51 2 2020 06 21 Modeling and Optimization of Specific Energy Consumption and Green House Gas Emissions During Drying of Organic Blackberry with Different Pretreatments by Response Surface Methodology Modeling and Optimization of Specific Energy Consumption and Green House Gas Emissions During Drying of Organic Blackberry with Different Pretreatments by Response Surface Methodology 351 369 77057 10.22059/ijbse.2020.289264.665224 FA Ebrahim Taghinezhad Moghan College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran Mohammad Kaveh Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran Journal Article 2019 09 24 The largest share of greenhouse gases in the world is related to the use of fossil fuels in power plants for electricity generate. Production and emissions of greenhouse gas are more important for the drying process that has high specific energy consumption (<em>SEC</em>). In this study, modeling and optimization of <em>SEC</em> and greenhouse gas emissions including CO₂ and NOx during the process of blackberry drying under infrared-hot air combined dryer (at three inlet air temperature levels 50, 60 and 70 ° C) with different pretreatments including of microwave (90, 180 and 360 w), blanching (70, 80 and 90 ° C) and ultrasond (15, 30 and 45 min) were evaluated by response surface methodology. The drying energy was provided by various steam turbines, gas turbines and combined plants using natural gas, heavy oil and gas oil as fuel. The results showed that by increasing the microwave power and ultrosond time decreased quadraticly the amount of <em>SEC</em> (from 185.55 to 55.53 kWh/kg). However, this value decreased linearly (from 208.08 to 88.56 kWh/kg) with increasing blanching temperature. Emissions amount for all greenhouse gas decreased quadraticly (from 194460.67 to 24987.97g for CO2 and from 1074.36 to 106.06 g for NOx) with increasing microwave power, ultrosound time and hot air tepmerature for all turbines with different fuels. However, this amount decreased linearly with increasing blanching temperature (from 218063.85 to 39985.54g for CO2 and from 1204.76 to 169.72 g for NOx). Based on modeling using RSM, optimum conditions for the minimum <em>SEC</em> were determined to be microwave power of 349.7 W and inlet air temperature of 69.8 ^oC for microwave pretreatment, ultrasound time of 45 min and inlet air temperature of 70 ^oC for ultrasound pretreatment, blanching temperature of 90 ^oC and inlet air temperature of 70 ^oC for blanching pretreatment with disierability mean of 99.8%. The largest share of greenhouse gases in the world is related to the use of fossil fuels in power plants for electricity generate. Production and emissions of greenhouse gas are more important for the drying process that has high specific energy consumption (<em>SEC</em>). In this study, modeling and optimization of <em>SEC</em> and greenhouse gas emissions including CO₂ and NOx during the process of blackberry drying under infrared-hot air combined dryer (at three inlet air temperature levels 50, 60 and 70 ° C) with different pretreatments including of microwave (90, 180 and 360 w), blanching (70, 80 and 90 ° C) and ultrasond (15, 30 and 45 min) were evaluated by response surface methodology. The drying energy was provided by various steam turbines, gas turbines and combined plants using natural gas, heavy oil and gas oil as fuel. The results showed that by increasing the microwave power and ultrosond time decreased quadraticly the amount of <em>SEC</em> (from 185.55 to 55.53 kWh/kg). However, this value decreased linearly (from 208.08 to 88.56 kWh/kg) with increasing blanching temperature. Emissions amount for all greenhouse gas decreased quadraticly (from 194460.67 to 24987.97g for CO2 and from 1074.36 to 106.06 g for NOx) with increasing microwave power, ultrosound time and hot air tepmerature for all turbines with different fuels. However, this amount decreased linearly with increasing blanching temperature (from 218063.85 to 39985.54g for CO2 and from 1204.76 to 169.72 g for NOx). Based on modeling using RSM, optimum conditions for the minimum <em>SEC</em> were determined to be microwave power of 349.7 W and inlet air temperature of 69.8 ^oC for microwave pretreatment, ultrasound time of 45 min and inlet air temperature of 70 ^oC for ultrasound pretreatment, blanching temperature of 90 ^oC and inlet air temperature of 70 ^oC for blanching pretreatment with disierability mean of 99.8%. https://ijbse.ut.ac.ir/article_77057_f03e914d0515f804bf9f2f125e7a2a6e.pdf

University of Tehran Press Iranian Journal of Biosystem Engineering 2008-4803 51 2 2020 06 21 Evaluation of Energetic and Exergetic Efficiency of a Solar Collector Equipped with Porous Plate, with Recycling System and with Reflectors Evaluation of Energetic and Exergetic Efficiency of a Solar Collector Equipped with Porous Plate, with Recycling System and with Reflectors 371 384 77058 10.22059/ijbse.2020.279686.665183 FA Milad Rashidi M.Sc. student of Biosystem Engineering, Department of Agro-technology, University of Tehran, Aboreyhan Campus, Pakdasht, Iran Akbar Arabhosseini Associate Professor of Biosystem Engineering, Department Agro-technology, University of Tehran, Aboreyhan Campus, Pakdasht, Iran Hadi Samimi-Akhijahani Assistance Professor of department of Biosystem Engineering, University of Kurdistan. Sanandj, Iran Journal Article 2019 04 28 In this study, the amount of produced thermal energy, exergetic and energetic efficiency of a collector at three conditions with porous plate (PS), with recycling system (PRS) and with reflectors (PRE) in a solar dryer was investigated. For all the experiments the fluid flow rate was 0.018 kg/s. Tomato slices with 7 mm thickness were considered for drying process evaluation. All the experiments were carried out during three consecutive days of June of 2018 from 8:00 to 18:00. The value of total energy enters to the dryer for PS, PRS and PRE changed to 21.94, 24.93 and 28.77 MJ, respectively. Moreover, the energy efficiency obtained 21.03-52.30% for PS, 23.12-58.23% for PRS and 30.01-69.75% for PRE. The maximum exergy efficiency for mentioned conditions was calculated about 19.40%, 21.20% and 23.12%, respectively. The specific energy used for drying of the slices for PS, PRS and PRE was obtained 9.68, 9.28 and 8.82 MJ/kg, respectively and this shows that using the reflectors is proper method to increase thermal efficiency of the flat plate collectors. In this study, the amount of produced thermal energy, exergetic and energetic efficiency of a collector at three conditions with porous plate (PS), with recycling system (PRS) and with reflectors (PRE) in a solar dryer was investigated. For all the experiments the fluid flow rate was 0.018 kg/s. Tomato slices with 7 mm thickness were considered for drying process evaluation. All the experiments were carried out during three consecutive days of June of 2018 from 8:00 to 18:00. The value of total energy enters to the dryer for PS, PRS and PRE changed to 21.94, 24.93 and 28.77 MJ, respectively. Moreover, the energy efficiency obtained 21.03-52.30% for PS, 23.12-58.23% for PRS and 30.01-69.75% for PRE. The maximum exergy efficiency for mentioned conditions was calculated about 19.40%, 21.20% and 23.12%, respectively. The specific energy used for drying of the slices for PS, PRS and PRE was obtained 9.68, 9.28 and 8.82 MJ/kg, respectively and this shows that using the reflectors is proper method to increase thermal efficiency of the flat plate collectors. https://ijbse.ut.ac.ir/article_77058_61239a6367696bc6ab7b74b2dc639eb9.pdf

University of Tehran Press Iranian Journal of Biosystem Engineering 2008-4803 51 2 2020 06 21 Technical Evaluation of Utilization of Sheep Dung Pellet for Household Cooking Energy Supply in Iranian Nomadic Life Technical Evaluation of Utilization of Sheep Dung Pellet for Household Cooking Energy Supply in Iranian Nomadic Life 385 396 77059 10.22059/ijbse.2020.284891.665202 FA Mohammadali Ebrahimi-Nik Department of Biosystems Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran Mohammadreza Rasoulkhani Department of Biosystems Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran Abdollah Rahimi Damirchi Dorsi Olya Department of Biosystems Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran Hamid Mohammadi Nezhad Department of Biosystems Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran Mohammad Hossein Abbaspour-Fard Department of Biosystems Engineering, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran 0000-0002-5575-5115 Journal Article 2019 07 08 Fuel supply for cooking among Iranian nomads have always been problematic job. The use of wood as a source of energy is very common in nomads. Traditional method of firing releases a huge amount of smoke, which may lead to respiratory problems in women. Moreover, collection of wood corresponds to destroy of natural resources. The aim of this study is to assess the feasibility of using ship dung (as the most available biomass in nomadic life), as a cleaner cooking fuel in an improved biogas stove<strong>.</strong> In this research a micro gasifier biomass cook stove as an improved biomass cook stove was evaluated based on Emission & Performance Test Protocol. Sheep dung pellets of 38 mm length and 13.6 mm diameter was used as biofuel. In addition to measurement of descriptive characteristics, the heating value of fuel was estimated based on elemental analyzing results and the models presented in previous researches. Emission of Carbon monoxide was monitored throughout the test. No smoke was observed during the stove operation. The thermal power of the stove was measured to be 3.4 kW. With the efficiency of 28 percent, 3 L of water got to boiling point in 16 min consuming 440 g of pellet. The average amount of emitted CO was recorded to be acceptable range. The results of micro gasifier biomass cook stove evaluation with sheep dung pellet as fuel showed that, this devise has a good technical and emission performance with this fuel and it can be used for nomad’s household. Further on field research is needed to adjust the stove size and design to the common life style of nomads. Fuel supply for cooking among Iranian nomads have always been problematic job. The use of wood as a source of energy is very common in nomads. Traditional method of firing releases a huge amount of smoke, which may lead to respiratory problems in women. Moreover, collection of wood corresponds to destroy of natural resources. The aim of this study is to assess the feasibility of using ship dung (as the most available biomass in nomadic life), as a cleaner cooking fuel in an improved biogas stove<strong>.</strong> In this research a micro gasifier biomass cook stove as an improved biomass cook stove was evaluated based on Emission & Performance Test Protocol. Sheep dung pellets of 38 mm length and 13.6 mm diameter was used as biofuel. In addition to measurement of descriptive characteristics, the heating value of fuel was estimated based on elemental analyzing results and the models presented in previous researches. Emission of Carbon monoxide was monitored throughout the test. No smoke was observed during the stove operation. The thermal power of the stove was measured to be 3.4 kW. With the efficiency of 28 percent, 3 L of water got to boiling point in 16 min consuming 440 g of pellet. The average amount of emitted CO was recorded to be acceptable range. The results of micro gasifier biomass cook stove evaluation with sheep dung pellet as fuel showed that, this devise has a good technical and emission performance with this fuel and it can be used for nomad’s household. Further on field research is needed to adjust the stove size and design to the common life style of nomads. https://ijbse.ut.ac.ir/article_77059_a610079f4c3144971cdcb96ed662b4a6.pdf

University of Tehran Press Iranian Journal of Biosystem Engineering 2008-4803 51 2 2020 06 21 Classification of Ripe and Unripe White Berry Fruit Using Thermal Image Processing Classification of Ripe and Unripe White Berry Fruit Using Thermal Image Processing 397 405 77060 10.22059/ijbse.2020.287340.665212 FA Parsa Haidary M.Sc. student, Department of agricultural machinery engineering, college of agriculture and natural resources, Tehran university, Karaj, Iran Ali Hajiahmad Assistant professor, Department of agricultural machinery engineering, college of agriculture and natural resource, Tehran university,Karaj, Iran Hossien Roshan Ghyasi M.Sc. student, Department of agricultural machinery engineering, college of agriculture and natural resources, Tehran university, Karaj, Iran Journal Article 2019 08 28 Since white berry has much medical and edible benefit, it is known as a popular fruit. This research is carried out in order to classify ripe and unripe berries from each other using active thermography method. In this research 70 berries have been used as experimental samples randomly selected from a tree. They were sorted to “ripe” and “unripe” class by 5 expert people with attention to the color and texture of fruits. The temperature changes of samples by heat shock induction were recorded with a thermal camera and coefficients of first order, second order and logarithmic equations fitted to temperature-time graphs were employed for classification in MATLAB software. Using Principal Component Analysis (PCA) method, in MATLAB software, causes to use only first order equation coefficients, with an accuracy of 90 percent. Using the results of this research, the speed and accuracy of classification can be effectively increased in berry classification lines. Since white berry has much medical and edible benefit, it is known as a popular fruit. This research is carried out in order to classify ripe and unripe berries from each other using active thermography method. In this research 70 berries have been used as experimental samples randomly selected from a tree. They were sorted to “ripe” and “unripe” class by 5 expert people with attention to the color and texture of fruits. The temperature changes of samples by heat shock induction were recorded with a thermal camera and coefficients of first order, second order and logarithmic equations fitted to temperature-time graphs were employed for classification in MATLAB software. Using Principal Component Analysis (PCA) method, in MATLAB software, causes to use only first order equation coefficients, with an accuracy of 90 percent. Using the results of this research, the speed and accuracy of classification can be effectively increased in berry classification lines. https://ijbse.ut.ac.ir/article_77060_b50da7ae7fa4174c4711bebed62731c5.pdf