University of Tehran PressIranian Journal of Biosystem Engineering2008-480347420170120Diagnosing avian Newcastle, Bronchitis and Influenza Diseases using heart sound signal and Support Vector MachineDiagnosing avian Newcastle, Bronchitis and Influenza Diseases using heart sound signal and Support Vector Machine5876016025310.22059/ijbse.2017.60253FAJournal Article20151227This study represents an intelligence procedure for diagnosis simultaneously avian Newcastle Disease Virus, Infection Bronchitis Virus and Influenza using heart sound signal. For this aim, the chickens were divided into four groups. The first group was considered as control samples. The second, third and fourth groups were infected with Newcastle Disease Virus, Infection Bronchitis and Avian Influenza, respectively. The time domain signals were transferred to the frequency and time-frequency domain using Fast Fourier Transform and Discrete Wavelet Transform. In data mining stage, 25 statistical features were extracted from three domains and the best features were selected using improved distance evaluation (IDE) method. The heart sound signals were classified using multiclass support vector machine and Dempster-Shafer evidence theory. The total accuracy, Specificity and Sensitivity of classifiers fusion in diagnosing avian diseases were obtained 81.93, 93.29 and 82.28 percent respectively.This study represents an intelligence procedure for diagnosis simultaneously avian Newcastle Disease Virus, Infection Bronchitis Virus and Influenza using heart sound signal. For this aim, the chickens were divided into four groups. The first group was considered as control samples. The second, third and fourth groups were infected with Newcastle Disease Virus, Infection Bronchitis and Avian Influenza, respectively. The time domain signals were transferred to the frequency and time-frequency domain using Fast Fourier Transform and Discrete Wavelet Transform. In data mining stage, 25 statistical features were extracted from three domains and the best features were selected using improved distance evaluation (IDE) method. The heart sound signals were classified using multiclass support vector machine and Dempster-Shafer evidence theory. The total accuracy, Specificity and Sensitivity of classifiers fusion in diagnosing avian diseases were obtained 81.93, 93.29 and 82.28 percent respectively.https://ijbse.ut.ac.ir/article_60253_1dde96f67d8213fbc0627f091fa2bc62.pdfUniversity of Tehran PressIranian Journal of Biosystem Engineering2008-480347420170120Non-destructive prediction of quality parameters of sweet lemon (Citrus limetta) by Vis/SWNIR spectroscopyNon-destructive prediction of quality parameters of sweet lemon (Citrus limetta) by Vis/SWNIR spectroscopy6036136199110.22059/ijbse.2017.61991FAShahramMoomkeshM.Sc. student, Isfahan University of TechnologySeyed AhmadMireeiFaculty memberMortezaSadeghiFaculty member, Isfahan University of TechnologyMajidNazeriFaculty member, University of KashanJournal Article20160127In this study, the potential of visible and short-wavelength near infrared spectroscopy for nondestructive predicting the SSC, MC and TA of sweet lemon was evaluated. The spectra of 120 sweet lemon samples were acquired in the interactance and transmission modes and the wavelength region of 400 to 1100 nm. Different preprocessing methods, including Savitzky-Golay, multiplicative scatter correction, baseline correction, standard normal variate, 1st derivative, and the combination of these methods were applied to the raw spectra. The most appropriate preprocessing methods were then selected for building the predictive models using partial least squares method. The results showed that the best SSC and MC predictive models were achieved in the interactance mode, while the best TA predictive model was obtained in the transmission mode. Among three quality parameters, the best models were resulted in the prediction of SSC, MC, and TA, respectively. The SSC with a correlation coefficient (rp) of 0.87 and a root mean squares error of prediction (RMSEP) of 0.5 °Brix, MC with a rp of 0.88 and an RMSEP of 0.57%, and TA with a rp of 0.74 and an RMSEP of 0.0076% could be predicted.In this study, the potential of visible and short-wavelength near infrared spectroscopy for nondestructive predicting the SSC, MC and TA of sweet lemon was evaluated. The spectra of 120 sweet lemon samples were acquired in the interactance and transmission modes and the wavelength region of 400 to 1100 nm. Different preprocessing methods, including Savitzky-Golay, multiplicative scatter correction, baseline correction, standard normal variate, 1st derivative, and the combination of these methods were applied to the raw spectra. The most appropriate preprocessing methods were then selected for building the predictive models using partial least squares method. The results showed that the best SSC and MC predictive models were achieved in the interactance mode, while the best TA predictive model was obtained in the transmission mode. Among three quality parameters, the best models were resulted in the prediction of SSC, MC, and TA, respectively. The SSC with a correlation coefficient (rp) of 0.87 and a root mean squares error of prediction (RMSEP) of 0.5 °Brix, MC with a rp of 0.88 and an RMSEP of 0.57%, and TA with a rp of 0.74 and an RMSEP of 0.0076% could be predicted.https://ijbse.ut.ac.ir/article_61991_9d1e712e92abd22795fb033bd6aaf9a3.pdfUniversity of Tehran PressIranian Journal of Biosystem Engineering2008-480347420170120Weight estimation system of individual broiler chickens using digital image processing and multi-regression analysisWeight estimation system of individual broiler chickens using digital image processing and multi-regression analysis6236156025510.22059/ijbse.2017.60255FAJournal Article20160206The purpose of this study was to identify daily changes in body weight of broiler chickens using image processing and multi-regression analysis. Therefore, thirty 1-day-old broiler chickens were reared under standard rearing condition and after acquiring images they were weighted, individually. From 2490 digital images, six features (perimeter, area convex, major axis, minor axis, eccentricity) were extracted. Linear equations between body weight and these features indicated that R2 values for these features (except for eccentricity) for the individual birds were higher than 0.9. Furthermore, stepwise selection process was utilized to develop multi-regression model and to remove non-significant factors from the regression equation. According to the developed equation, area, perimeter, area convex, major axis, minor axis, interaction between area and major axis, and convex area and perimeter, major and minor axis were capable of predicting weight with R2= 0.945 in the confidence level of %5. This shows that the digital image processing and multi-regression analysis could predict weight of life chickens, promisingly.The purpose of this study was to identify daily changes in body weight of broiler chickens using image processing and multi-regression analysis. Therefore, thirty 1-day-old broiler chickens were reared under standard rearing condition and after acquiring images they were weighted, individually. From 2490 digital images, six features (perimeter, area convex, major axis, minor axis, eccentricity) were extracted. Linear equations between body weight and these features indicated that R2 values for these features (except for eccentricity) for the individual birds were higher than 0.9. Furthermore, stepwise selection process was utilized to develop multi-regression model and to remove non-significant factors from the regression equation. According to the developed equation, area, perimeter, area convex, major axis, minor axis, interaction between area and major axis, and convex area and perimeter, major and minor axis were capable of predicting weight with R2= 0.945 in the confidence level of %5. This shows that the digital image processing and multi-regression analysis could predict weight of life chickens, promisingly.https://ijbse.ut.ac.ir/article_60255_7dce09e74ac4abb823ab1648bcc66815.pdfUniversity of Tehran PressIranian Journal of Biosystem Engineering2008-480347420170120Development of a chisel plow draft force and power calculator based on some mechanical lawsDevelopment of a chisel plow draft force and power calculator based on some mechanical laws6326256025610.22059/ijbse.2017.60256FAJournal Article20160605The chisel plow is one of the tillage implements utilized to carry out conservation tillage practices; therefore, it is valuable to pay more attention on the force requirement of this implement. To achieve this goal, a theoretical model was developed to calculate draft, specific draft, and drawbar power of a chisel plow. Then, results obtained from the developed model were compared with the reports of other studies and the result of the field experiment in order to validate the developed model. According to the results, the required draft force of a twelve-shank chisel plow working at 30 cm depth in sandy, loamy, and clay soils were 27, 43 and 55 kN respectively and the required specific draft of this machine were 3.3, 5.1 and 6.5 N/cm2 respectively. These results were in accordance with the results of other studies, as well as the results of the ASABE standard (2011), therefore; the developed model is able to estimate draft force of the chisel plow acceptably.The chisel plow is one of the tillage implements utilized to carry out conservation tillage practices; therefore, it is valuable to pay more attention on the force requirement of this implement. To achieve this goal, a theoretical model was developed to calculate draft, specific draft, and drawbar power of a chisel plow. Then, results obtained from the developed model were compared with the reports of other studies and the result of the field experiment in order to validate the developed model. According to the results, the required draft force of a twelve-shank chisel plow working at 30 cm depth in sandy, loamy, and clay soils were 27, 43 and 55 kN respectively and the required specific draft of this machine were 3.3, 5.1 and 6.5 N/cm2 respectively. These results were in accordance with the results of other studies, as well as the results of the ASABE standard (2011), therefore; the developed model is able to estimate draft force of the chisel plow acceptably.https://ijbse.ut.ac.ir/article_60256_5d8aaef359f7d55261e7334058b58b5d.pdfUniversity of Tehran PressIranian Journal of Biosystem Engineering2008-480347420170120Investigation of the effect of active edible coating and vacuum packaging on chemical, microbial and sensorial properties of ready to eat pomegranate arilsInvestigation of the effect of active edible coating and vacuum packaging on chemical, microbial and sensorial properties of ready to eat pomegranate arils6426336025710.22059/ijbse.2017.60257FAJournal Article20160719In this research, the effect of active edible coating based on carbocymethyl cellulose (CMC) containing pomegranate peel extract (PPE) and rese essential oil (REO) and also vacuum packaging (VP) on chemical attributes and microbial quality of packaged pomegranate arils during 15 days storage at 5 °C have been studied. The weight loss was increased by increasing storage time. But all treatments was able to diminish this weight loss. The coated sample with both PPE and REO in combination with VP had the lowest weight loss at day 15. Also, total soluble solids was increased by using active coatings and VP. pH was not affected by active coatings and VP but acidity slightly increased especially by using active coatings. Total aerobic mesophilic bacteria were not able to growth in pomegranate arils but yeasts and molds counts were increased during time. VP was more effective than active coatings on total yeasts and molds counts. CMC-REO coated and vacuum packaged sample had the lowest microbial contamination after 15 days.In this research, the effect of active edible coating based on carbocymethyl cellulose (CMC) containing pomegranate peel extract (PPE) and rese essential oil (REO) and also vacuum packaging (VP) on chemical attributes and microbial quality of packaged pomegranate arils during 15 days storage at 5 °C have been studied. The weight loss was increased by increasing storage time. But all treatments was able to diminish this weight loss. The coated sample with both PPE and REO in combination with VP had the lowest weight loss at day 15. Also, total soluble solids was increased by using active coatings and VP. pH was not affected by active coatings and VP but acidity slightly increased especially by using active coatings. Total aerobic mesophilic bacteria were not able to growth in pomegranate arils but yeasts and molds counts were increased during time. VP was more effective than active coatings on total yeasts and molds counts. CMC-REO coated and vacuum packaged sample had the lowest microbial contamination after 15 days.https://ijbse.ut.ac.ir/article_60257_af631386418bb006c00bffe6cc9785f0.pdfUniversity of Tehran PressIranian Journal of Biosystem Engineering2008-480347420170120Evaluation of growth inhibit of food spoilage yeast of Lactobacillus brevis and Enterococcus faecium from “chal in Iranian yoghurt drink (Doogh)Evaluation of growth inhibit of food spoilage yeast of Lactobacillus brevis and Enterococcus faecium from “chal in Iranian yoghurt drink (Doogh)6496436025810.22059/ijbse.2017.60258FAMortezaKhomeriSamiraEsazadeh RzelighiJournal Article20160727Anti-microbial effects of the lactic acid bacteria have been studied and proved in various investigations. This investigation aimed to study the anti-yeast effect of two isolated lactic acid bacteria species from “chal” (a product from yogurt) as biological preservatives in doogh. To do so, anti-yeast activity of L. brevis and E. faecium against Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Kluyveromyces. marxianus and Rhodotorula glutinis was evaluated using the overlay method. Besides, anti-yeast activity of these bacteria was assessed in yogurt samples containing the yeast. According to the results, L. brevis and E. faecium had strong prohibiting ability against R. glutinis ; however, they had no anti-yeast effect against S. cerevisiae and K. marxianus. Statistical analysis revealed that, in contrast to the other two studied yeasts, content of the yeast R. glutinis decreased over 15 days of a logarithm cycle compared to the control. Therefore, based on the results, lactic acid bacteria could be recommended as biological preservatives besides the common chemical preservativesAnti-microbial effects of the lactic acid bacteria have been studied and proved in various investigations. This investigation aimed to study the anti-yeast effect of two isolated lactic acid bacteria species from “chal” (a product from yogurt) as biological preservatives in doogh. To do so, anti-yeast activity of L. brevis and E. faecium against Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Kluyveromyces. marxianus and Rhodotorula glutinis was evaluated using the overlay method. Besides, anti-yeast activity of these bacteria was assessed in yogurt samples containing the yeast. According to the results, L. brevis and E. faecium had strong prohibiting ability against R. glutinis ; however, they had no anti-yeast effect against S. cerevisiae and K. marxianus. Statistical analysis revealed that, in contrast to the other two studied yeasts, content of the yeast R. glutinis decreased over 15 days of a logarithm cycle compared to the control. Therefore, based on the results, lactic acid bacteria could be recommended as biological preservatives besides the common chemical preservativeshttps://ijbse.ut.ac.ir/article_60258_a4697502923d25281498bcf9e0c977dd.pdfUniversity of Tehran PressIranian Journal of Biosystem Engineering2008-480347420170120Optimization of Chisel Tine Operation Used in Combined Tillage MachineOptimization of Chisel Tine Operation Used in Combined Tillage Machine6586516025910.22059/ijbse.2017.60259FAMajidDehghaniBiosystems Engineering Department, Agriculture college, Shiraz UniversitySeyed HosseinKarparvarfard0000-0001-9060-0867Journal Article20160612Performance optimization of chisel tine was proposed by using a chisel plow with adjustable rake angle. Effective treatments consisted of soil moisture at 0.5, 0.7 and 0.9 of plastic limit (PL), three rake angle of 30, 40 and 50 degree and speeds of to 3, 5 and 7 km h-1. The measured parameters included draft, soil disturbance area, soil upheaving area, clod mean weight diameter (MWD), specific draft and soil cone index (CI). The statistical design used in this study was split block factorial. To performance optimization of chisel plow in terms of six measured factors, three regression equations based on multiple regression for three factors: soil moisture, tine rake angle and travel speed for six measured qualities obtained. Regression analysis showed that the best moisture for tillage is 0.71 (PL), the best rake angle is 34 degree and the best speed is 5.5 km h-1.Performance optimization of chisel tine was proposed by using a chisel plow with adjustable rake angle. Effective treatments consisted of soil moisture at 0.5, 0.7 and 0.9 of plastic limit (PL), three rake angle of 30, 40 and 50 degree and speeds of to 3, 5 and 7 km h-1. The measured parameters included draft, soil disturbance area, soil upheaving area, clod mean weight diameter (MWD), specific draft and soil cone index (CI). The statistical design used in this study was split block factorial. To performance optimization of chisel plow in terms of six measured factors, three regression equations based on multiple regression for three factors: soil moisture, tine rake angle and travel speed for six measured qualities obtained. Regression analysis showed that the best moisture for tillage is 0.71 (PL), the best rake angle is 34 degree and the best speed is 5.5 km h-1.https://ijbse.ut.ac.ir/article_60259_18329a2a57be39265cdd5bda4a651c39.pdfUniversity of Tehran PressIranian Journal of Biosystem Engineering2008-480347420170120Life Cycle Assessment of potato production semi-mechanized method in Iran: A Case Study of Markazi ProvinceLife Cycle Assessment of potato production semi-mechanized method in Iran: A Case Study of Markazi Province6666596026010.22059/ijbse.2017.60260FAAlirezaShahmohammadiuniversity of Shahid BeheshtiHadiVeisiAssociate Professor of Agroecology, Institute of Environmental Sciences, University of shahid Beheshti, TehranKourosKhoshbakht4Associate Professor of Agroecology, Institute of Environmental Sciences, University of shahid Beheshti, TehranAbdolmajidMahdavi DamghaniAssociate Professor of Agroecology, Institute of Environmental Sciences, University of shahid Beheshti, TehranEliasSoltaniAssistant Professor of Department of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, Aboureihan University of TehranJournal Article20160423In recent years, the debate over the environmental sustainability of agricultural productions is widely increased. In this context, environmental impacts of potato production by semi-mechanized method were studied in Markazi province of Iran. In this research, life cycle assessment approach was used to identify and reduce environmental impacts. The environmental impacts of potato production in Markazi province in Categories of effect abiotic depletion, global warming, acidity, eutrophication and ozone layer depletion were investigated. The results showed that direct emissions from farms, use of chemical fertilizers and electricity had the biggest share of environmental degradation. In this regard, the index for category effect of abiotic depletion, global warming, acidity, eutrophication and ozone layer depletion was obtained 1.11, 152.89, 1.90, 0.87 and 0.00005 respectively. Based on the results, the use of organic inputs, precision farming, consumption of chemical fertilizers and pesticides, the use of more efficient irrigation methods and technologies in potato production was proposed.In recent years, the debate over the environmental sustainability of agricultural productions is widely increased. In this context, environmental impacts of potato production by semi-mechanized method were studied in Markazi province of Iran. In this research, life cycle assessment approach was used to identify and reduce environmental impacts. The environmental impacts of potato production in Markazi province in Categories of effect abiotic depletion, global warming, acidity, eutrophication and ozone layer depletion were investigated. The results showed that direct emissions from farms, use of chemical fertilizers and electricity had the biggest share of environmental degradation. In this regard, the index for category effect of abiotic depletion, global warming, acidity, eutrophication and ozone layer depletion was obtained 1.11, 152.89, 1.90, 0.87 and 0.00005 respectively. Based on the results, the use of organic inputs, precision farming, consumption of chemical fertilizers and pesticides, the use of more efficient irrigation methods and technologies in potato production was proposed.https://ijbse.ut.ac.ir/article_60260_883c3daa21a3b7adc226d962c00407bd.pdfUniversity of Tehran PressIranian Journal of Biosystem Engineering2008-480347420170120Active packaging of Lighvan cheese with nanocomposite films based on LDPE-metallic nanoparticles and modeling the migration of nano silverActive packaging of Lighvan cheese with nanocomposite films based on LDPE-metallic nanoparticles and modeling the migration of nano silver6766676026110.22059/ijbse.2017.60261FAS. HadiPeighambar DoostAinazMoulaeiSeyed JamaleddinPeighambardoostMir YousefHashemiJournal Article20160130Lighvan cheese is one of the most popular Iranian cheeses that always faces to microbial problems due to traditional ways of production. In this study the effect of two types of low density polyethylene-nanocamposite films contains of Ag, CuO and ZnO nanoparticles with different percentage increasing the shelf-life of chesse in 4̊C was investigated. Microbial tests of the packed cheeses were done immediately after packaging (at day 0) and after 7, 14, 21, 28 and 60 days of storage. After 60 days storage, the growth rate of Coliforms and Staphylococcus aureus significantly decreased (p<0.05) as a result of application of nanocomposite package containing equal percentage of nanometals (sample 1) but it did not affect Lactic acid bacteria's growth. The results of migration tests of nano metal particels from packaging in to food simulant showed that nano composite contain metal nanoparticle is safe according to limitation set by FDA and EFSA. Also migration modeling for nano silver in 12 months have done.Lighvan cheese is one of the most popular Iranian cheeses that always faces to microbial problems due to traditional ways of production. In this study the effect of two types of low density polyethylene-nanocamposite films contains of Ag, CuO and ZnO nanoparticles with different percentage increasing the shelf-life of chesse in 4̊C was investigated. Microbial tests of the packed cheeses were done immediately after packaging (at day 0) and after 7, 14, 21, 28 and 60 days of storage. After 60 days storage, the growth rate of Coliforms and Staphylococcus aureus significantly decreased (p<0.05) as a result of application of nanocomposite package containing equal percentage of nanometals (sample 1) but it did not affect Lactic acid bacteria's growth. The results of migration tests of nano metal particels from packaging in to food simulant showed that nano composite contain metal nanoparticle is safe according to limitation set by FDA and EFSA. Also migration modeling for nano silver in 12 months have done.https://ijbse.ut.ac.ir/article_60261_484302772c5dcf61c17e08ea94f61560.pdfUniversity of Tehran PressIranian Journal of Biosystem Engineering2008-480347420170120Life Cycle Assessment of Paste Production (Case Study: Alborz Province)Life Cycle Assessment of Paste Production (Case Study: Alborz Province)6886776026210.22059/ijbse.2017.60262FASeyyed HassanPishgar-KomlehUniversity of TehranAssadolahAkramAlirezaKeyhaniJournal Article20160530Agriculture (Mechanization), food industry and environment are the concepts that cannot be surveyed separately (because of their interaction). Present research aimed to study tomato paste production by applying life cycle assessment. Two functional unit of kg CO2-eq/ kg tomato and kg CO2-eq / kg paste was used. Data were collected from one paste factory in Alborz province and open-field tomato farms in Alborz and East Azerbaijan provinces. In order to evaluate the greenhouse gas effect, carbon footprint index was used. The average carbon foot print value of the paste production was 3.02 kg CO2-eq / kg paste which the tomato production had the highest share in total emission. Also, carbon foot print value of tomato production was 0.22 kg CO2-eq/ kg tomato and the highest share belonged to material and energy use emission category. In this category, the most important inputs were electricity and chemical fertilizer. Comparison of carbon foot print value between Alborz and East Azerbaijan provinces and between conventional and modern irrigation systems showed that the carbon foot print value in modern irrigation system in Alborz province is less than the other ones. Regression models between carbon footprint index and tomato cultivation area and yield was developed.Agriculture (Mechanization), food industry and environment are the concepts that cannot be surveyed separately (because of their interaction). Present research aimed to study tomato paste production by applying life cycle assessment. Two functional unit of kg CO2-eq/ kg tomato and kg CO2-eq / kg paste was used. Data were collected from one paste factory in Alborz province and open-field tomato farms in Alborz and East Azerbaijan provinces. In order to evaluate the greenhouse gas effect, carbon footprint index was used. The average carbon foot print value of the paste production was 3.02 kg CO2-eq / kg paste which the tomato production had the highest share in total emission. Also, carbon foot print value of tomato production was 0.22 kg CO2-eq/ kg tomato and the highest share belonged to material and energy use emission category. In this category, the most important inputs were electricity and chemical fertilizer. Comparison of carbon foot print value between Alborz and East Azerbaijan provinces and between conventional and modern irrigation systems showed that the carbon foot print value in modern irrigation system in Alborz province is less than the other ones. Regression models between carbon footprint index and tomato cultivation area and yield was developed.https://ijbse.ut.ac.ir/article_60262_df6f7af2e6e1df86614baab329e38a49.pdfUniversity of Tehran PressIranian Journal of Biosystem Engineering2008-480347420170120Creation of two-dimensional greenhouse environment map using stereo visionCreation of two-dimensional greenhouse environment map using stereo vision7006896026310.22059/ijbse.2017.60263FAAminNasiriJournal Article20160913In this research for detection and separation cultivation platforms and flowerpots from each other, localization the corner of platforms and position of the flowerpots to form of two-dimensional point and creation two-dimensional map of greenhouse, used three-dimensional coordinates of environment components. Results obtained from this research, showed that the proposed algorithm can detect 100.26 m, on other hand, 94.05% of total length of platform. 83.33% of the corners of culture platforms with the average error of 0.09 meter and mean squared error of 0.009 meter were detected by the proposed algorithm. From the two-dimensional map of greenhouse was resulted that the proposed algorithm in this research has the detection capability and localization of 92.10% of the flowerpots with the average error of 0.07 meter and mean squared error of 0.006 meter.In this research for detection and separation cultivation platforms and flowerpots from each other, localization the corner of platforms and position of the flowerpots to form of two-dimensional point and creation two-dimensional map of greenhouse, used three-dimensional coordinates of environment components. Results obtained from this research, showed that the proposed algorithm can detect 100.26 m, on other hand, 94.05% of total length of platform. 83.33% of the corners of culture platforms with the average error of 0.09 meter and mean squared error of 0.009 meter were detected by the proposed algorithm. From the two-dimensional map of greenhouse was resulted that the proposed algorithm in this research has the detection capability and localization of 92.10% of the flowerpots with the average error of 0.07 meter and mean squared error of 0.006 meter.https://ijbse.ut.ac.ir/article_60263_b2e8c2cb7d1d7351ed0db9ad52a6b6ae.pdfUniversity of Tehran PressIranian Journal of Biosystem Engineering2008-480347420170120Optimization of energy consumption and mitigation of greenhouses gas emissions of irrigated lentil production using data envelopment analysisOptimization of energy consumption and mitigation of greenhouses gas emissions of irrigated lentil production using data envelopment analysis7107016026410.22059/ijbse.2017.60264FAMajidKhanaliUniversity College of Agriculture and Natural ResourcesJournal Article20160915In this study, the optimization of energy consumption and reduction of greenhouse gas emissions of irrigated lentil production in Esfahan province were conducted using data envelopment analysis (DEA) method. The used data were collected randomly from 140 lentil producers using a face to face questionnaire method in the cropping season of 2014-2015. Based on two DEA models of constant returns to scale (CRS) and variable returns to scale (VRS), the average values of technical efficiency, pure technical efficiency and scale efficiency were calculated as 0.960, 0.991 and 0.961, respectively. By consumption of optimum values of inputs, the total energy saving was estimated 1031 MJ/ha, i.e., 3.12% the total energy consumption, in which, irrigation water and nitrogen fertilizers with the shares of 35% and 15%, respectively, had the most contribution on the total energy saving. Total GHG emission at actual and optimum conditions were calculated as 930.45 and 882.17 kgCO2eq. per ha, respectively (5.18% reduction in total GHG emission)..In this study, the optimization of energy consumption and reduction of greenhouse gas emissions of irrigated lentil production in Esfahan province were conducted using data envelopment analysis (DEA) method. The used data were collected randomly from 140 lentil producers using a face to face questionnaire method in the cropping season of 2014-2015. Based on two DEA models of constant returns to scale (CRS) and variable returns to scale (VRS), the average values of technical efficiency, pure technical efficiency and scale efficiency were calculated as 0.960, 0.991 and 0.961, respectively. By consumption of optimum values of inputs, the total energy saving was estimated 1031 MJ/ha, i.e., 3.12% the total energy consumption, in which, irrigation water and nitrogen fertilizers with the shares of 35% and 15%, respectively, had the most contribution on the total energy saving. Total GHG emission at actual and optimum conditions were calculated as 930.45 and 882.17 kgCO2eq. per ha, respectively (5.18% reduction in total GHG emission)..https://ijbse.ut.ac.ir/article_60264_2b82d4a9ec4034728ea78dd664e9eecd.pdfUniversity of Tehran PressIranian Journal of Biosystem Engineering2008-480347420170120Analysis and modeling of energy and production of dryland chickpea in the city of BukanAnalysis and modeling of energy and production of dryland chickpea in the city of Bukan7207116026510.22059/ijbse.2017.60265FAOmidGhaderpourtehran universityShahinRafieeJournal Article20160101This study aimed to analyze and modeling of energy and performance of dryland chickpea adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system utilizes (Anfis) in dryland chickpea production is done in the city of Bukan. Data were collected from 70 producers of chickpeas using face to face interviews with farmers and Completing the questionnaire specialized. size of land was Between 2 and 10 hectares. Input factors include manpower, machinery, seed, fuel and chemical pesticides and output was chickpea and straw. There is no type of fertilizer use in the areas Investigative. The results indicated that the total energy consumption during production and energy 7760.441 Mj.ha-1 total production (grain-straw) is 15,305.976 Mj.ha-1. energy ratio and energy efficiency of 1.229 and 0.0836, respectively, for the production of chickpea and chickpea-straw, respectively, were 1.972 and 0.1946 MJ kg-1. The main entrance was diesel fuel with a share of 73.49% of the total energy consumption. Statistical indices R, RME and RMSE for the best model for energy Anfis chickpea respectively 0.94, 0.02 and 369.08, respectively and for the Performance chickpea, 0.95 , 0.02 and 21.58 respectively.This study aimed to analyze and modeling of energy and performance of dryland chickpea adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system utilizes (Anfis) in dryland chickpea production is done in the city of Bukan. Data were collected from 70 producers of chickpeas using face to face interviews with farmers and Completing the questionnaire specialized. size of land was Between 2 and 10 hectares. Input factors include manpower, machinery, seed, fuel and chemical pesticides and output was chickpea and straw. There is no type of fertilizer use in the areas Investigative. The results indicated that the total energy consumption during production and energy 7760.441 Mj.ha-1 total production (grain-straw) is 15,305.976 Mj.ha-1. energy ratio and energy efficiency of 1.229 and 0.0836, respectively, for the production of chickpea and chickpea-straw, respectively, were 1.972 and 0.1946 MJ kg-1. The main entrance was diesel fuel with a share of 73.49% of the total energy consumption. Statistical indices R, RME and RMSE for the best model for energy Anfis chickpea respectively 0.94, 0.02 and 369.08, respectively and for the Performance chickpea, 0.95 , 0.02 and 21.58 respectively.https://ijbse.ut.ac.ir/article_60265_2828e3af65d2507c597f3401f4fcbca0.pdfUniversity of Tehran PressIranian Journal of Biosystem Engineering2008-480347420170120Accumulation of Beta-carotene in pure microalgae of Dunaliella Salina and the mixed cultures of Caspian Sea under nitrogen starvationAccumulation of Beta-carotene in pure microalgae of Dunaliella Salina and the mixed cultures of Caspian Sea under nitrogen starvation7257216026910.22059/ijbse.2017.60269FAAzitaGhorbaniJournal Article20160411Beta-carotene is a carotenoid and known as the most famous natural pigment. Microalgae are the most important sources for beta-carotene production. Due to the high sterilization cost of pure culture, in this study for the first time, growth, amounts of beta-carotene and chlorophyll in Caspian Sea microalgae under nutrient deficiencies stress, have been measured and compared with pure microalgae of Dunaliella Salina.<br /> The initial and final concentrations of beta-carotene under nitrogen starvation (after 188 hours) was 7.5, 14.8 and 7.0 and 13.5 mol Beta-Carotene/g Protein for pure and mixed culture, respectively. Under nitrogen starvation the final protein concentration of microalgae Dunaliella Salina was increased from 341.8 to 950.1 mg/L. However, for Caspian Sea mixed microalgae the concentration was reached from 357.1 to 1010.0 mg/L. Operating conditions was the same for both samples as follows: pH=7.5, temperature 24-26 ° C and stirring at 160 rpm. <br /> This study demonstrated that the accumulated Beta-carotene in Caspian Sea microalgae was comparable to the obtained values of pure microalgae of Dunaliella Salina. Therefore, mixed microalgae culture can be used for Beta-carotene production which is preferable and more economical than sterile systems and consequently, the possibility of process industrialization will be increasedBeta-carotene is a carotenoid and known as the most famous natural pigment. Microalgae are the most important sources for beta-carotene production. Due to the high sterilization cost of pure culture, in this study for the first time, growth, amounts of beta-carotene and chlorophyll in Caspian Sea microalgae under nutrient deficiencies stress, have been measured and compared with pure microalgae of Dunaliella Salina.<br /> The initial and final concentrations of beta-carotene under nitrogen starvation (after 188 hours) was 7.5, 14.8 and 7.0 and 13.5 mol Beta-Carotene/g Protein for pure and mixed culture, respectively. Under nitrogen starvation the final protein concentration of microalgae Dunaliella Salina was increased from 341.8 to 950.1 mg/L. However, for Caspian Sea mixed microalgae the concentration was reached from 357.1 to 1010.0 mg/L. Operating conditions was the same for both samples as follows: pH=7.5, temperature 24-26 ° C and stirring at 160 rpm. <br /> This study demonstrated that the accumulated Beta-carotene in Caspian Sea microalgae was comparable to the obtained values of pure microalgae of Dunaliella Salina. Therefore, mixed microalgae culture can be used for Beta-carotene production which is preferable and more economical than sterile systems and consequently, the possibility of process industrialization will be increasedhttps://ijbse.ut.ac.ir/article_60269_e87416fcd1af3d0cb35883f3746e7942.pdfUniversity of Tehran PressIranian Journal of Biosystem Engineering2008-480347420170120Simulation of Tire-Soil Interaction Using Nonlinear Finite Element Method with MATLABSimulation of Tire-Soil Interaction Using Nonlinear Finite Element Method with MATLAB7377276027010.22059/ijbse.2017.60270FASaadatKamgarJournal Article20151002In this study, a simulation of tire–soil interaction model was considered with special view to two-dimensional (2-D) FEM model of carcass. Coefficients of mechanical behavior of silty-loam soil were accurately measured to obtain an effective simulation. The results of simulation which was implemented in MatLab7, showed that the radial-ply tire had greater tractive efficiency than bias tire at the same conditions on silty-loam soil. Bias-ply tire had greater motion reduction (slip) and gross traction had slightly greater than radial-ply tire when the net traction force was the same for each tire. Also results of simulation and tests showed that the radial-ply tire had less rolling resistance than bias-ply tire on silty-loam soil at the same conditions. Based on simulation results, the effects of slip, inflation pressure and mechanical stiffness of soil on tractive efficiency were satisfactorily predicted.In this study, a simulation of tire–soil interaction model was considered with special view to two-dimensional (2-D) FEM model of carcass. Coefficients of mechanical behavior of silty-loam soil were accurately measured to obtain an effective simulation. The results of simulation which was implemented in MatLab7, showed that the radial-ply tire had greater tractive efficiency than bias tire at the same conditions on silty-loam soil. Bias-ply tire had greater motion reduction (slip) and gross traction had slightly greater than radial-ply tire when the net traction force was the same for each tire. Also results of simulation and tests showed that the radial-ply tire had less rolling resistance than bias-ply tire on silty-loam soil at the same conditions. Based on simulation results, the effects of slip, inflation pressure and mechanical stiffness of soil on tractive efficiency were satisfactorily predicted.https://ijbse.ut.ac.ir/article_60270_4c98a9096d90f7eee76c6825721b6ae1.pdfUniversity of Tehran PressIranian Journal of Biosystem Engineering2008-480347420170120Application of green walnut shell as a novel pigment in DSSC based on TiO2 nanoparticles.Application of green walnut shell as a novel pigment in DSSC based on TiO2 nanoparticles.7467396027110.22059/ijbse.2017.60271FAKambizHossein PanahiDept. of Biosystems Engineering- Faculty of Agriculture - Ferdowsi University of Mashhad.Mohammad HosseinAbbaspour-FardJournal Article20160501Natural dye extract of walnut shell, was extracted using an ultrasonic processor and purified by Hot saponification method, has been studied as a novel sensitizing dye to fabricate TiO2 nanoparticles based Dye Sensitized Solar Cells (DSSC). The extract was characterized using UV–Vis absorption spectroscopy and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) employed to identify the anchoring groups in walnut shell pigment. The typical current-voltage and the incident photon to current efficiency (IPCE) curves were also provided and analysed for studying the photovoltaic properties. The Walnut shell extract exhibited a short circuit current density (Jsc) of 0.939 mA/cm2, open-circuit voltage (Voc) of 0.792 V, fill factor (FF) of 0.71 and conversion efficiency of 0.528% under standard test conditions. These are fairly good in comparison with the other similar cells. The improvement in efficiency is mainly due to the correct and good extraction and purification method and also due to the structure of walnut shell pigments that enhanced the charge transfer between the dye extract of Walnut shell and the TiO2 photo anode surface. However, such efficiency is still a lot needs to be improved to compete with the existing cells. This shows the need for extensive research in this area of research.Natural dye extract of walnut shell, was extracted using an ultrasonic processor and purified by Hot saponification method, has been studied as a novel sensitizing dye to fabricate TiO2 nanoparticles based Dye Sensitized Solar Cells (DSSC). The extract was characterized using UV–Vis absorption spectroscopy and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) employed to identify the anchoring groups in walnut shell pigment. The typical current-voltage and the incident photon to current efficiency (IPCE) curves were also provided and analysed for studying the photovoltaic properties. The Walnut shell extract exhibited a short circuit current density (Jsc) of 0.939 mA/cm2, open-circuit voltage (Voc) of 0.792 V, fill factor (FF) of 0.71 and conversion efficiency of 0.528% under standard test conditions. These are fairly good in comparison with the other similar cells. The improvement in efficiency is mainly due to the correct and good extraction and purification method and also due to the structure of walnut shell pigments that enhanced the charge transfer between the dye extract of Walnut shell and the TiO2 photo anode surface. However, such efficiency is still a lot needs to be improved to compete with the existing cells. This shows the need for extensive research in this area of research.https://ijbse.ut.ac.ir/article_60271_5601e1911974dd406daa6165c71fb8f5.pdfUniversity of Tehran PressIranian Journal of Biosystem Engineering2008-480347420170120Analysis of Factors Affecting Rice Breakage Losses in Guilan ProvinceAnalysis of Factors Affecting Rice Breakage Losses in Guilan Province7657476027210.22059/ijbse.2017.60272FAJournal Article20160502In order to identifying factors affecting milled rice breakage losses in Guilan province, a research was conducted based on the descriptive survey with association of 75 rice mill owner in Guilan province. Factors affecting milled rice breakage losses were recognized with the Delphi technique. In this regard, a descriptive questionnaire with an open-ended question was distributed among 5 rice mill owner and 3 academic staffs and experts of rice milling. Results indicated that “the time of rice harvest”, “threshing the paddy with inappropriate paddy threshers or paddy combine harvesters”, the level of skill of paddy dryer operator, shortage of financial sources in order to renewing and “modifying the rice mills”, and “promoting technical knowledge of rice mill owners” were the most important factors of agronomical, technical, knowledge-skill, economical, and policy making factors, respectively. Final comparison of the studied categories showed that the category of economic factors had the most impacts among all factors studied. Therefore, in order to reducing the rice breakage losses in Guilan province, promoting the economical basis of paddy farmers and rice mills owners were emphasized through codifying and executing supportive policies.In order to identifying factors affecting milled rice breakage losses in Guilan province, a research was conducted based on the descriptive survey with association of 75 rice mill owner in Guilan province. Factors affecting milled rice breakage losses were recognized with the Delphi technique. In this regard, a descriptive questionnaire with an open-ended question was distributed among 5 rice mill owner and 3 academic staffs and experts of rice milling. Results indicated that “the time of rice harvest”, “threshing the paddy with inappropriate paddy threshers or paddy combine harvesters”, the level of skill of paddy dryer operator, shortage of financial sources in order to renewing and “modifying the rice mills”, and “promoting technical knowledge of rice mill owners” were the most important factors of agronomical, technical, knowledge-skill, economical, and policy making factors, respectively. Final comparison of the studied categories showed that the category of economic factors had the most impacts among all factors studied. Therefore, in order to reducing the rice breakage losses in Guilan province, promoting the economical basis of paddy farmers and rice mills owners were emphasized through codifying and executing supportive policies.https://ijbse.ut.ac.ir/article_60272_59fa067ca7f22e3c9c5ac715d922cd7c.pdfUniversity of Tehran PressIranian Journal of Biosystem Engineering2008-480347420170120Fabrication and development of a machine olfaction system combined with pattern recognition techniques for detecting formalin adulteration in raw milkFabrication and development of a machine olfaction system combined with pattern recognition techniques for detecting formalin adulteration in raw milk7617706027310.22059/ijbse.2017.60273FAMahdiGhasemi-VarnamkhastiJournal Article20160829Adulteration in milk and other dairy products not only is a serious threat to human health but also leads to the economic losses in the dairy industry. Utilization of the materials reducing microbial load is a common adulteration. In this study, a machine olfaction (electronic nose) based on 8 metal oxide semiconductor (MOS) sensors was fabricated and developed and its capability to formalin detection in the raw milk was investigated. Feature vector was then extracted from the sensors’ response and used as the inputs to pattern recognition models. Based on the obtained results, Principal Component Analysis (PCA) with two first PCs (PC1 and PC2) could describe 93 % of variance within data. In the sensor array, MQ4, FIS, TGS822, and TGS2620 sensors had the highest loading coefficient values whilst TGS2602 devoted the lowest loading value. Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA) revealed the classification accuracy as 80.1 %. Support Vector Machine (SVM) with three order multinomial kernel function showed the training and validation accuracy values as 100% and 90.91%, respectively. Also, the full success rate was obtained for overall classification using the artificial neural network.Adulteration in milk and other dairy products not only is a serious threat to human health but also leads to the economic losses in the dairy industry. Utilization of the materials reducing microbial load is a common adulteration. In this study, a machine olfaction (electronic nose) based on 8 metal oxide semiconductor (MOS) sensors was fabricated and developed and its capability to formalin detection in the raw milk was investigated. Feature vector was then extracted from the sensors’ response and used as the inputs to pattern recognition models. Based on the obtained results, Principal Component Analysis (PCA) with two first PCs (PC1 and PC2) could describe 93 % of variance within data. In the sensor array, MQ4, FIS, TGS822, and TGS2620 sensors had the highest loading coefficient values whilst TGS2602 devoted the lowest loading value. Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA) revealed the classification accuracy as 80.1 %. Support Vector Machine (SVM) with three order multinomial kernel function showed the training and validation accuracy values as 100% and 90.91%, respectively. Also, the full success rate was obtained for overall classification using the artificial neural network.https://ijbse.ut.ac.ir/article_60273_f426ee120e41772298dfc025cbdcf53f.pdfUniversity of Tehran PressIranian Journal of Biosystem Engineering2008-480347420170120Evaluation and Comparison of Energy Indices in Wheat Farms in Townships of Alborz ProvinceEvaluation and Comparison of Energy Indices in Wheat Farms in Townships of Alborz Province7797716027410.22059/ijbse.2017.60274FAJournal Article20160726The our purpose of objective is evaluation and comparison the energy flow in wheat lands of cities in Alborz province. we try to calculate the indexes of energy ratio, gross energy, specific energy, energy efficiency, energy intensity, total input and output energy. population of the study consisted of farmers of cities in Alborz province in the year of 1391-92. It was a best way that we use population Morgan, 273 farmer agriculture Section Alborz Province. To collect the data we can use a questionnaire with reliability coefficient of 0.91 and also Agriculture Organization data. The results showed that, at Between energy input the cultivation of wheat in the 4 district, Chemical fertilizer (28176 MJ/ha) and fuel (22154 MJ/ha) the highest and Human labor (85 MJ/ha) had the lowest energy consumption. This research has a good advantage that we can know Energy ratio in Nazarabad (2.74), Karaj (2.57), Eshtehard (2.23) and Savojblagh (2.5). Nazarabad city with 0.086 kg/MJ and city Eshtehard with 0/070 kg/MJ more in less Energy Productivity among wheat. Among 4 area study city Nazarabad with Net Energy Gain 90802.42 MJ/ha, Energy intensit 5.21 MJ/m2 and Specific Energy 11.57 MJ/kg had better conditions than the other three regions.The our purpose of objective is evaluation and comparison the energy flow in wheat lands of cities in Alborz province. we try to calculate the indexes of energy ratio, gross energy, specific energy, energy efficiency, energy intensity, total input and output energy. population of the study consisted of farmers of cities in Alborz province in the year of 1391-92. It was a best way that we use population Morgan, 273 farmer agriculture Section Alborz Province. To collect the data we can use a questionnaire with reliability coefficient of 0.91 and also Agriculture Organization data. The results showed that, at Between energy input the cultivation of wheat in the 4 district, Chemical fertilizer (28176 MJ/ha) and fuel (22154 MJ/ha) the highest and Human labor (85 MJ/ha) had the lowest energy consumption. This research has a good advantage that we can know Energy ratio in Nazarabad (2.74), Karaj (2.57), Eshtehard (2.23) and Savojblagh (2.5). Nazarabad city with 0.086 kg/MJ and city Eshtehard with 0/070 kg/MJ more in less Energy Productivity among wheat. Among 4 area study city Nazarabad with Net Energy Gain 90802.42 MJ/ha, Energy intensit 5.21 MJ/m2 and Specific Energy 11.57 MJ/kg had better conditions than the other three regions.https://ijbse.ut.ac.ir/article_60274_e8cba056e13a889175276522c5c22b0d.pdfUniversity of Tehran PressIranian Journal of Biosystem Engineering2008-480347420170120Effect of aluminum foil and greaseproof paper packages on physico-chemical, textural, microbiological and sensory features of dry ice creamEffect of aluminum foil and greaseproof paper packages on physico-chemical, textural, microbiological and sensory features of dry ice cream7927816199210.22059/ijbse.2017.61992FAJavadHesariJournal Article20160125Dry ice cream is a traditional product of Iran which is similar to products such as khoa, danedar khoa, barfi, pedha, lal peda, brown peda and dulce de leche in the other countries. The aim of current study was evaluate the effect of different packaging and storage tempreature on dry ice cream. Dry ice cream was prepared by adding milk, sugar, glucose syrup and shortening, then packed in three different materials (aluminum foil /cardboard, greaseproof paper/cardboard and cardboard) and kept in three different temperatures (-18, +8 and +28°C) for 60 days.. The results showed that aluminum foil/cardboard pack was the most suitable pack regarding to moisture, pH, acidity, free fatty acid content, peroxide value, firmness and sensory features but it was unsuitable pack considering the features of total count and mold and yeast count. In addition, the results showed that the -18 °C temperature was the most suitable storing temperature regarding to the maintaining of quality and shelf life of dry ice cream.Dry ice cream is a traditional product of Iran which is similar to products such as khoa, danedar khoa, barfi, pedha, lal peda, brown peda and dulce de leche in the other countries. The aim of current study was evaluate the effect of different packaging and storage tempreature on dry ice cream. Dry ice cream was prepared by adding milk, sugar, glucose syrup and shortening, then packed in three different materials (aluminum foil /cardboard, greaseproof paper/cardboard and cardboard) and kept in three different temperatures (-18, +8 and +28°C) for 60 days.. The results showed that aluminum foil/cardboard pack was the most suitable pack regarding to moisture, pH, acidity, free fatty acid content, peroxide value, firmness and sensory features but it was unsuitable pack considering the features of total count and mold and yeast count. In addition, the results showed that the -18 °C temperature was the most suitable storing temperature regarding to the maintaining of quality and shelf life of dry ice cream.https://ijbse.ut.ac.ir/article_61992_5b1c5bb71a11e280fc0369e137e22a92.pdf