Investigation of environmental factors affecting the production of Lipid, Protein, and Betacarotene in Dunaliella salina microalgae

Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

1 Department of Biosystem Mechanics, Faculty of Agriculture, Islamic Azad University, Arak Branch, Arak, Iran.

2 Department of Biosystem Mechanics, Faculty of Agriculture, Islamic Azad University, Arak Branch, Arak

3 Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Farhangian University, Tehran, Iran

Abstract

Microalgae can produce various products such as biofuel, proteins, and beta-carotene. Knowing the optimal conditions to produce these products is very important. In this research, the effect of environmental parameters on the production rate of each product in Dunaliella salina microalgae was investigated. saltiness (1, 2, and 3 M), pH above and below 7, nitrate concentrations of 0.25 and 0.5 g/L, light intensities of 2500 and 5000 lux, and temperature levels of 25 and 30 °C were studied. According to the results of this study, the highest cell density of algae was at 3 M salinity and pH higher than 7, nitrate concentration equal to 0.25 g/L, light intensity 5000 lux, and temperature 25°C. The same conditions of salinity 3 M, pH of more than 7, nitrate concentration of 0.25 M, light intensity of 5000 lux, and temperature of 25°C prevailed for the maximum production of microalgae biomass. Under these conditions, the highest amount of protein was produced in Dunaliella salina microalgae. But for lipid production, the optimal conditions were at a salinity of 2 M, pH more than 7, nitrate concentration of 0.25 g/L, light intensity of 5000 lux, and temperature of 25°C. Optimum production of betacarotene also occurred at 3 M salinity, pH more than 7, nitrate concentration 0.25 g/L, a light intensity of 5000 lux, and temperature of 30°C. By knowing these conditions, it is possible to achieve the maximum amount of production of products such as biofuel, protein, and betacarotene from Dunaliella salina microalgae.

Keywords

Main Subjects

References

Balat, H. (2010). Prospects of biofuel for a sustainable energy future: a critical assessment. Energy, Education, Science and Technology, 24(2), 85-111.
Boonyaratpalin, M., Thongrod, S., Supamattaya, K., Britton, G. & Schlipalius, L.E. (2001). Effects of ß-carotene source, Dunaliella salina, and astaxanthin on pigmentation, growth, survival and health of Penaeus monodon. Aquaculture Research, 32, 182-190.
Borowitzka, M. & Siva, C. (2007). The taxonomy of the genus Dunaliella (Chlorophyta, Dunaliellales) with emphasis on the marine and halophilic species. Journal of Applied Phycology, 19(5), 567-590.
Chen, H. & Jiang, J. (2009). Osmotic responses of Dunaliella to the changes of salinity. The Journal of Cellular Physiology, 219, 251-258.
Choonawala, B. (2007). Spirulina production in brine effluent from cooling towers. Ph. D. dissertation, Durban University of Technology.
Dere, S., Gunes, T. & Sivaci, R. (1998). Spectrophotometric Determination of Chlorophyll-A, B and Total Carotenoid Contents of Some Algae Species Using Different Solvents. Botany, 22(1), 13-17.
Dorinde, M., Kleinegris, M., Janssen, M., Brandenburg, W.A. & Wijffels, R.H. (2010). The selectivity of milking of Dunaliella salina. Marine Biotechnology, 12, 14-23.
Garcia, F., Freile-Pelegrin, Y. & Robledo, D. (2007). Physiological characterization of Dunaliella sp. (Chlorophyta Volvocales) from Yucatan, Mexico. Bioresource Technology. 98(7), 1359-1365.
Ghezelbash, F., Farboodnia, T., Heidari, R. & Agh, N. (2008). Biochemical Effects of Different Salinities and Luminance on Green Microalgae Tetraselmis chuii. Research Journal of Biological Sciences, 3(2), 217-221.
Ghorbani, A., Hosseini, M. & Ebrahimi, S. (2018). Investigation of Light Stress Effect on Beta-Carotene Storage in Pure and Mixed Cultures of Microalgae. Nashrieh Shimi va Mohandesi Shimi Iran, 37(2), 221-228. (In Farsi)
Hashemi, S. A., Pajoum Shariati, F., Delavari Amrei, H. & Heydarinasab, A. (2019). Growth Pattern and β-Carotene Production of Dunaliella salina Cells in Different Salinities. Journal of Food Technology and Nutrition, 16(4), 45-50. (In Farsi)
Heo, S. J., Park, E. J., Lee, K.W. & Jeon, Y. J. (2005). Antioxidant activities of enzymatic extracts from brown seaweeds. Bioresource Technology. 96(14), 1613-1623.
Lavens, P. & Sorgeloos, P. (1996). Manual on the Production and Use of Live Food for Aquaculture. FAO Fisheries Technical Paper No. 361, from https://www.fao.org/3/w3732e/w3732e.pdf
Lourenço, S. O. (2006). Rima (Ed), Cultivation of marine microalgae – principles and applications. (SP. 588p)
Madadkar Haghjou, M. (2011). Induction of Paraquat Tolerance in Dunaliella by Using Some Pretreatments. Iranian Journal of Plant Biology, 10(3), 71-86. (In Farsi)
Mohammad Khani, R. & Madadkar Haghjou, M. (2015). Evaluation of growth rate, protein content and some physiological characteristics from two salt water phytoplanktonic species, microalga Dunaliella, under different environmental conditions. Journal of Marine Science and Technology, 14(2), 25-42. (In Farsi)
Mulders, K.J., Lamers, P.P., Martens, D.L. & Wijffels, R.H. (2014). Phototrophic Pigment Production with Microalgae Biological Constraints and Opportunities. Journal of Phycology, 50(2), 229-242.
Nigam, S., Prakash, M. & Sharma, R. (2011). Effect of nitrogen on growth and lipid content of Chlorella pyrenoidosa. American Journal of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, 7(3) 124-129.
Pourafrasiabi, M., Ramezanpour, Z., Imanpour Namin, J. & Sadeghi Rad, M. (2013). Effect of temperature and light intensity on cell concentration and growth rate of Dunaliella salina Teodoresco. Fisheries Science and Technology ,2(1), 13-23. (In Farsi)
Pour Hosseini, R., Tavakoli, O. & Sarrafzadeh, M. (2017). Experimental optimization of SC CO2 extraction of carotenoids from Dunaliella salina. The Journal of Supercritical Fluids, 121, 89-95.
Renaud, S. M., Thinh, L., Lambrinidis, G. & Parry, D. L. (2002). Effect of temperature on growth, chemical composition and fatty acid composition of tropical Australian microalgae grown in batch cultures. Aquaculture, 211, 195- 214.
Ribeiro, F. B., Lanna, E. A. T., Bomfim, M. A. D., Donzele, J. L., Quadros, M. & Cunha, P. S. L. (2011). True and apparent digestibility of protein and amino acids of feed in Nile tilapia. Brazilian Journal of Animal Science, 40 (5), 939-946.
Ryckebosch, E., Muylaert, K. & Foubert, I. (2012). Optimization of an Analytical Procedure for Extraction of Lipids from Microalgae. Journal of the American Oil Chemists Society, 89, 189-198.
Salmaninejad, M. (2016). Effect of culture mediums and light intensity on growth and carotenoides of Dunaliella salina in Urmia Lake. Journal of Plant Research (Iranian Journal of Biology), 28(4), 771-783. (In Farsi)
Soeder, C. J. (1986). A historical outline of applied algology. In Handbook of Microalgal Mass Culture; Richmond, A., Ed.; CRC Press: Boca Raton, FL. pp. 25-41
Soroush, S. (2016). Investigation on Production of the Beta-Carotene Biopolymer from Dunaliella Salina Algae in Saline Water of the Urmia Lake. M.Sc. thesis of Polymer engineering. Maragheh University. (In Farsi)
Tavallaei, S., Mazaheri Asadi, M. & Rostami, K.H. (2011). The cultivation of Dunaliella salina algae and production of carotenoids from it, a step towards stable development. In: Proceeding of Second National Conference on Agriculture and Sustainable Development (Opportunities and Challenges Ahead), 2 March., Shiraz Islamic Azad University, Shiraz, Iran, pp.1-7. (In Farsi)
Trenkenshu, R.P. (2005). Simplest models of microalgae growth, 2 queasy continuous culture, Ecologia moray, 67, 98-110.
Unpaprom, Y., Tipnee, S. & Ramaraj, R. (2015). Biodiesel from green alga Scenedesmus acuminatus. International Journal of Sustainable and Green Energy. Special Issue: Renewable Energy Applications in the Agricultural Field and Natural Resource Technology, 4(1), 1-6.
Xin, L., Hong Ying, H., Jia, Y. & Yin Hu, W. (2010). Enhancement effect of ethyl-2-methyl acetoacetate on triacylglycerol’s production by a freshwater microalga, Scenedesmus sp. LX1. Bioresource Technology, 101(24), 9819-9821.
Zarandi Miandooab, L., Bagherie Najar, M., Hejazi, M. & Chaparzadeh, N. (2015). Expression analysis of Dunaliella salina key genes involved in β-carotene biosynthesis under various salinity and light conditions. Journal of Plant Process and Function, 4(12), 85-93. (In Farsi)
Iranian Journal of Biosystems Engineering
Volume 53, Issue 4
February 2023
Pages 395-409

Files

History

  • Receive Date: 30 November 2021
  • Revise Date: 29 January 2023
  • Accept Date: 25 February 2023

Share

How to cite

Statistics