Evaluation of physicochemical properties and oxidative stabilities of walnut kernel with yellow, amert and brown color

Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

1 Graduate Student, University College of Abureihan, University of Tehran

2 Associate Professor, University College of Abureihan, University of Tehran

3 Professor, University College of Abureihan, University of Tehran

4 Former Graduate Student, University College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran

Abstract

Light, amber and dark colored kernels were rated by eye on a scale of 3 different genotypes (zh1, zh2 and zh3). The oil content was measured using the Soxhlet extraction method, ranged from 57.26 to 68.29%, for zh1 (light) and zh2 (amber) respectively. Fatty acid compositions were measured using gas chromatography. The main fatty acids were linoleic, oleic and linolenic acids, respectively. Also, no significant difference was found between total protein and crude fiber in colored kernels. zh3 (dark) indicated the highest protein content. The results showed that the different colored kernels had high effect on the physicochemical properties and oxidative stabilities of three walnut genotypes with different colored kernels.

Keywords

Main Subjects

References

Albert, C. M., Oh, K., Whang, W., Manson, J. E., Chae, C. U., Stampfer, M. J. & Hu, F. B. (2005). Dietary α-linolenic acid intake and risk of sudden cardiac death and coronary heart disease. Circulation, 112(21), 3232-3238.
Amaral, J. S., Casal, S., Pereira, J. A., Seabra, R. M. & Oliveira, B. P. (2003). Determination of sterol and fatty acid compositions, oxidative stability, and nutritional value of six walnut (Juglans regia L.) cultivars grown in Portugal. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 51(26), 7698-7702.
AOAC, (1990). AOAC; Official Methods of Analysis. (15th edition) Association of Official Analytical Chemists, Washington, DC, USA (1990).
AOCS, (1998). Official Methods and Recommended Practices of the American Oil Chemists Society. Methods Ca 6b-53, Cd 3a-63 and Cd 3-25, 5th ed. AOCS Press, Champaign, IL, USA.
Arzani, K., Mansouri‐Ardakan, H., Vezvaei, A. & Roozban, M. R. (2008). Morphological variation among Persian walnut (Juglans regia L.) genotypes from central Iran. New Zealand Journal of Crop and Horticultural Science, 36(3), 159-168.
Atefi, J. (1997). Study on phenological and pomological characters on walnut promising clones in Iran. In III International Walnut Congress, 442 (pp. 101-108).
Çaǧlarırmak, N. (2003). Biochemical and physical properties of some walnut genotypes (Juglans regia L.). Food/Nahrung, 47(1), 28-32.
Dogan, M. & Akgul, A. (2005). Fatty acid composition of some walnut (Juglans regia L.) cultivars from east Anatolia. Grasas y Aceites, 56(4), 328-331.
Ebrahimi, A., Fattahi Moghadam, M., Zamani, Z. & Vahdati K. (2009) an investigation on genetic diversity of 608 Persian walnut accessions for screening of some genotypes of superior traits. Iranian Journal of Horticultural Science, 40(4): 83-94. (In farsi)
Food and Agriculture Organization. (2011). FAO-statistical yearbook Agricultural production, from http://faostat3.fao.org/faostat-gateway/go/to/compare/Q/QC/E).
Gharibzahedi, S. M. T., Mousavi, S. M., Hamedi, M., Rezaei, K. & Khodaiyan, F. (2013). Evaluation of physicochemical properties and antioxidant activities of Persian walnut oil obtained by several extraction methods. Industrial Crops and Products, 45, 133-140.
Ghasemi, M., Arzani, K., Hassani, D. & Ghasemi, Sh. (2010). Fatty acids composition of some selected walnut (Juglans regia L.) genotypes in Markazi province. Iranian J. Food Sci. Technol. 7(1): 31-37. (in Farsi)
Golzari, M., Rahemi, M., Hassani, D., Vahdati, K. & Mohammadi, N. (2013). Protein content, fat and fatty acids of kernel in some Persian walnut (Juglans regia L.) cultivars affected by kind of pollen. Journal of Food Science and Technology, 38(10), 21-31. (In Farsi)
Gunstone, F. D., Harwood, J. L. & Dijkstra, A. J. (2012). The lipid handbook with CD-ROM. CRC Press.
Hassani, D., Atefi, J., Haghjooyan. R., Dastjerdi, R., Keshavarzi, M., Mozaffari, M. R., Soleimani, A., Rahmanian, A. R., Nematzadeh, F. & Malmir, A. (2012). Jamal, a new walnut cultivar for moderate cold areas of Iran. Seed and Plant Improvement Journal, 28(1): 525-528. (In farsi)
Kabas, O., Yilmaz, E., Ozmerzi, A. & Akinci, İ. (2007). Some physical and nutritional properties of cowpea seed (Vigna sinensis L.). Journal of food engineering, 79(4), 1405-1409.
Lavedrine, F., Ravel, A., Villet, A., Ducros, V. & Alary, J. (2000). Mineral composition of two walnut cultivars originating in France and California. Food Chemistry, 68(3), 347-351.
Mao, X. Y. & Hua, Y. F. (2012). Chemical composition, molecular weight distribution, secondary structure and effect of NaCl on functional properties of walnut (Juglans regia L) protein isolates and concentrates. Journal of Food Science and Technology, 1-10.
Martínez, M. L. & Maestri, D. M. (2008). Oil chemical variation in walnut (Juglans regia L.) genotypes grown in Argentina. European journal of lipid science and technology, 110(12), 1183-1189.
Martínez, M. L., Mattea, M. A., & Maestri, D. M. (2008). Pressing and supercritical carbon dioxide extraction of walnut oil. Journal of food engineering, 88(3), 399-404.
Martin-Polvillo, M., Márquez-Ruiz, G. & Dobarganes, M. C. (2004). Oxidative stability of sunflower oils differing in unsaturation degree during long-term storage at room temperature. Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society, 81(6), 577-583.
Miraliakbari, H. & Shahidi, F. (2008). Antioxidant activity of minor components of tree nut oils. Food Chemistry, 111(2), 421-427.
Mohammadi-Ghermezgholi, K. H., Vesali, F., Fellegari, R. & Ghaffari, H. (2011). Separation of walnut shell from kernels and kernel classification based on color using invariable moments, artificial networks and the method of discriminant analysis. Journal of Food Research, 21(3), 305. (In farsi)
Parker, T. D., Adams, D. A., Zhou, K., Harris, M. & Yu, L. (2003). Fatty Acid Composition and Oxidative Stability of Cold‐pressed Edible Seed Oils. Journal of food science, 68(4), 1240-1243.
Pereira, J. A., Oliveira, I., Sousa, A., Ferreira, I. C., Bento, A. & Estevinho, L. (2008). Bioactive properties and chemical composition of six walnut (Juglans regia L.) cultivars. Food and chemical toxicology, 46(6), 2103-2111.
Rezaei, R., Hassani, G. h., Hassani, D. & Vahdati, K. (2008). Morphobiological characteristics of some newly selected walnut genotypes from seedling collection of Kahriz-Orumia. Iranian Journal of Horticultural Science and Technology, 9: 205-214. (In farsi)
Savage, G. P. (2001). Chemical composition of walnuts (Juglans regia L.) grown in New Zealand. Plant Foods for Human Nutrition, 56(1), 75-82.
Sharma, O. C. & Sharma, S. D. (2001). Genetic divergence in seedling trees of Persian walnut (Juglans regia L.) for various metric nut and kernel characters in Himachal Pradesh. Scientia horticulturae, 88(2), 163-171.
Vahdati, K. & Shahani A. R. (2006) Establishment of Walnut Nursury. Khaniran. Tehran. (In farsi)
Vanhanen, L. P. & Savage, G. P. (2006). The use of peroxide value as measure of quality for walnut stored at five different temperatures using three different types of packaging. Food chemistry, 99, 64-69.
Vazvaei, A., Vahdati, K. & Tajabadi, A. (2004) Evaluation guide walnut, pistachio and almond trees. Tehran: Khaniran. (In farsi)
Venkatachalam, M. & Sathe, S. K. (2006). Chemical composition of selected edible nut seeds. Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, 54(13), 4705-4714.
Warmund, M. R., Elmore, J. R., Adhikari, K. & McGraw, S. (2009). Descriptive sensory analysis of light, medium, and dark colored kernels of black walnut cultivars. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 89(11), 1969-1972.
Yang, J., Liu, R. H. & Halim, L. (2009). Antioxidant and antiproliferative activities of common edible nut seeds. LWT-Food Science and Technology, 42(1), 1-8.
Yerlikaya, C., Yucel, S., Erturk, Ü. & Korukluoğlu, M. (2012). Proximate composition, minerals and fatty acid composition of Juglans Regia L. genotypes and cultivars grown in Turkey. Brazilian Archives of Biology and Technology, 55(5), 677-683.
Zeneli, G., Kola, H. & Dida, M. (2005). Phenotypic variation in native walnut populations of Northern Albania. Scientia horticulturae, 105(1), 91-100.
Iranian Journal of Biosystems Engineering
Volume 46, Issue 3 - Serial Number 3
October 2015
Pages 275-285

Files

History

  • Receive Date: 18 November 2014
  • Revise Date: 13 May 2015
  • Accept Date: 19 May 2015

Share

How to cite

Statistics