تأثیر زاویه پاشش بادبزن‌ها نسبت به راستای قائم بر زمین در نازل‌های‌ دو بادبزنه استاندارد، ضد بادبردگی و القاءکننده هوا بر کارایی علف‌کش ایمازاتاپیر علیه علف‌هرز گاوپنبه (Abutilon theophrasti)

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

گروه مهندسی تولید و ژنتیک گیاهی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه بوعلی سینا، همدان، ایران

چکیده

نقش زاویه بین بادبزن‌ها در نازل‌های دو بادبزنه بر کارایی علف‌کش‌ها به دلیل پوشش پاشش مناسب تاکنون بررسی نشده است. در آزمایش گلدانی به صورت فاکتوریل در قالب طرح کاملاً تصادفی، شش مقدار از ایمازاتاپیر با سه نوع نازل استاندارد، ضد بادبردگی و القاء‌کننده هوا با 11 جهت پاشش بادبزن (1 نازل تک بادبزنه و 10 نازل دو بادبزنه) بر روی گاوپنبه پاشیده شد تا مقدار علف‌کش لازم برای کنترل 50 درصدی (ED50)  برآورد شود. پوشش پاشش روی کاغذهای حساس به رطوبت در سه موقعیت‌ مختلف و نیز فلورسانس کلروفیل برگ اندازه‌گیری شد. در یک موقعیت از کاغذهای حساس به رطوبت، پوشش پاشش با نازل‌های تک بادبزنه به صورت استاندارد> ضد بادبردگی> القاءکننده هوا بود. این نشان‌دهنده پوشش بیشتر توسط قطرات کوچکتر بود که باعث کاهش بیشتر در سطح بین منحنی کاتسکی و حداکثر فلورسانس کلروفیل شد. مقادیر ED50 با نازل‌های تک بادبزنه به صورت استاندارد< القاءکننده هوا< ضد بادبردگی به ترتیب با 46/14، 03/15 و 84/19 گرم ایمازاتاپیر در هکتار بدست آمد. تعداد بادبزن بر کارایی ایمازاتاپیر تأثیر گذاشت. زاویه پاشش بادبزن‌ها نسبت به راستای قائم بر زمین در نازل‌های دو بادبزنه نیز عامل تعیین‌کننده‌ای بر کارایی ایمازاتاپیر بود. براساس نتایج، کاربرد ایمازاتاپیر با نازل‌های دو بادبزنه ضد بادبردگی دارای زوایای بین بادبزن 100 (یک بادبزن 70 درجه به جلو و دیگری 30 درجه به عقب) با قطرات درشت (450-350 میکرونی) و القاء‌کننده هوا دارای زوایای بین بادبزن 40 (یک بادبزن 30 درجه به جلو و دیگری 10 درجه به عقب) با قطرات خیلی درشت (550-450 میکرونی) توصیه می‌گردد.   

کلیدواژه‌ها

عنوان مقاله [English]

Effect of Flat Fans Spray Angle Relative to the Vertical Direction on the Ground in Standard, Anti-Drift and Air-Induction Dual Flat Fan Nozzles on Imazethapyr Efficacy on Velvetleaf (Abutilon Theophrasti)

نویسندگان [English]

  • Samira Karami
  • Akbar Aliverdi
Department of Plant Production and Genetics, Faculty of Agriculture, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, Iran.
چکیده [English]

Role of the angle between flat fans in dual flat fan nozzles on herbicide efficacy has not been studied. In a pot experiment, six doses of imazethapyr were sprayed with three types of flat fan nozzles, including standard, anti-drift, and air-induction, with 11 injection geometries, including 1 single flat fan nozzle and 10 dual flat fan nozzles, on velvetleaf to estimate the dose needed for 50% control (ED50). Spray coverage on water-sensitive papers installed at three different positions, and also, chlorophyll fluorescence was measured. In one position of water-sensitive papers, spray coverage with single flat fan nozzles was standard > anti-drift > air-induction, indicating a more spray coverage with small droplets, leading to a further decrease in the area between the Kautsky curve and the maximum chlorophyll fluorescence. The ED50 values for single flat fan nozzles were as standard < air-induction > anti-drift, with 14.46, 15.03 and 19.84 g/ha, respectively. The number of flat fans affected imazethapyr efficacy. The angle of the fans relative to the ground in dual flat fan nozzles was also determined as a determining factor on imazethapyr efficacy. Based on the results, it is recommended that anti-drift dual flat fan nozzles produceing coarse droplets (350-450 microns) with a angle between flat fans of 100° (a flat fan with 70° forward and another with 30° backward) and air-induction produceing extermly coarse droplets (450-550 microns) and 40° (a flat fan with 30° forward and another with 10° backward) are used to apply imazethapyr on velvetleaf. 

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Chlorophyll fluorescence
  • post-emergence herbicide
  • nozzle type
  • spray coverage

Introduction

Currently, herbicides are considered an important and essential tool in agrosystems, and a large part of the increase in crop yield depends on them. One of the pillars of the rational use of herbicides is the selection of appropriate application equipment. Nozzle technology has always been advancing. Dual flat fan nozzles create two non-vertical injection, with an angle between flat fans. They may have symmetrical or asymmetrical injection geometry. Dual flat fan nozzles have been showed better performance compared with single flat fan nozzles on herbicide efficacy. However, it has been reported that performance of them are dependent on the application timing of herbicide. In single flat fan nozzles, the correction of injection angle can lead to improved spray coverage on weeds, leading to a better herbicide efficacy. Therefore, it is suggested as a simple solution to optimizae the dosage of herbicide. However, despite the availability of dual flat fan nozzles, the effect of the flat fans spray angle relative to the vertical direction on the ground on the spray coverage and herbicide efficacy has not been investigated. In this study, it is assumed that the change in angle of the flat fans spray relative to the vertical direction on the ground in dual flat fan nozzles can affect therbicide efficacy. Therefore, this study was conducted with the aim of accepting or rejecting the above hypothesis and also the effect of droplet size on the above hypothesis.

Methods

The experiment was conducted duriing the summer of 2024 in the Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, Iran. It was conducted as a factorial completely randomized design with three replications. The first factor was the herbicide dose, including six doses of imazethapyr (0, 6.25, 12.5, 25, 50 and 100 g a.i. ha-1), the second factor was the nozzle type, including three types of flat fan nozzles (standard, anti-drift, and air-induction), and the third factor was the injection geometry of nozzle, uding 1 single flat fan nozzle and 10 dual flat fans nozzles. At the seven-leaf stage, spraying was carried out between 6-8 am. Immediately after spraying, spray coverage on water-sensitive papers installed at three different positions was measured. Moreover, chlorophyll fluorescence and dry weight was measured 3 and 28 days after spraying, respectively.

Results

The results showed that in two positions of water-sensitive papers, spray coverage with single flat fan nozzles was as a standard > anti-drift > air-induction. This indicates a more spray coverage with small droplets, leading to further decrease in the Area between the Katski curve and the maximum chlorophyll fluorescence. No significant change was observed for Fv/Fm among treatments. A positive correlation was observed between the Area and Fv/Fm. However, the ED50 values for single flat fan nozzles were as standard < air-induction > anti-drift, with 14.46, 15.03 and 19.84 g ha-1, respectively, which is consistent with the data obtained from sensitive papers. The number of flat fans affected imazethapyr efficacy. The angle of the fans spray relative to the vertical direction on the ground in dual flat fan nozzles was also determined as a determining factor on imazethapyr efficacy. Among standard dual flat fan nozzles, the lowest and highest ED50 was observed with an angle between flat fans of 100° (a flat fan with 70° forward and another with 30° backward) and 40° (a flat fan with 20° forward and another with 20° backward), respectively. Among anti-drift dual flat fan nozzles, the lowest and highest ED50 was observed with an angle between flat fans of 100° (a flat fan with 70° forward and another with 30° backward) and 40° (a flat fan with 40° forward and another with 0° backward), respectively. Among air-induction dual flat fan nozzles, the lowest and highest ED50 was observed with an angle between flat fans of 40° (a flat fan with 30° forward and another with 10° backward) and 40° (a flat fan with 30° forward and another with 10° backward), respectively. 

Conclusion

Based on the results, it is recommended that anti-drift dual flat fan nozzles produceing coarse droplets (350-450 microns) with a angle between flat fans of 100° (a flat fan with 70° forward and another with 30° backward) and air-induction produceing extermly coarse droplets (450-550 microns) and 40° (a flat fan with 30° forward and another with 10° backward) are used to apply imazethapyr on velvetleaf.

Funding

The study was funded by the University of BU-Ali Sina, Country Iran, and Grant No. 1877650.

Authorship contribution

First author: student: Preparation of samples, Do the test and data curation Perform calculations, formal analysis, Analysis and interpretation of information and results, writing—original draft preparation.

Second author: Thesis supervisor: writing—review and editing, visualization, supervision, project administration, Check and control the results, Editing, reviewing, and finalizing the article.

Data availability statement

Data available on request from the authors.

Acknowledgements

We would like to thank the Vice Chancellor for Research of Bu Ali Sina University for financial support in carrying out this research.

Ethical considerations

The authors avoided data fabrication, falsification, and plagiarism, and any form of misconduct.

Conflict of interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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مهندسی بیوسیستم ایران
دوره 57، شماره 2
تیر 1405
صفحه 101-118

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  • تاریخ دریافت: 19 فروردین 1405
  • تاریخ بازنگری: 05 خرداد 1405
  • تاریخ پذیرش: 14 خرداد 1405

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