پایش بلادرنگ نرخ جریان جرمی مواد دانه‌ای در لوله سقوط خطی‌کارها با استفاده از حسگر پیزوالکتریک

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 گروه مهندسی بیوسیستم، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه کردستان، سنندج، ایران

2 گروه مهندسی ماشین‌های کشاورزی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه تهران، کرج، ایران

چکیده

در خطی کاری پایش دقیق دبی بذر و کود مشکل است، زیرا دانه‌ها به صورت توده‌ای و نزدیک به هم حرکت می‌کنند. هدف از انجام این پژوهش پایش جریان جرمی مواد دانه‌ای در لوله سقوط خطی‌کارها با استفاده از یک حسگر پیزوالکتریک بود. سامانه آزمایشگاهی شامل مخزن، موزع، لوله سقوط و یک حسگر پیزوالکتریک بود. برای اینکه  نوسانات حرکت خطی کار در مزرعه شبیه‌سازی شود، یک پایه ارتعاشی که در دو راستای عمود بر هم حرکت می‌کرد طراحی شد. بیشترین دامنه حرکت پایه ارتعاشی 99/8 سانتی‌متر متناسب با پستی و بلندی مزرعه پس از خاک‌ورزی در نظر گرفته شد. حسگر در دو حالت استاتیکی و دینامیکی برای بذر گندم، بذر یونجه و کود تریپل سوپرفسفات مطابق با نرخ کاشت معمول خطی‌کارها مورد ارزیابی قرار گرفت. نتایج نشان داد، سیگنال خروجی حسگر متناسب با تمامی نرخ‌های مختلف جریان جرمی در هر دو حالت استاتیکی و دینامیکی بود. ضریب تبیین در حالت استاتیکی برای بذر گندم، بذر یونجه و کود تریپل سوپرفسفات به ترتیب 95/0، 99/0 و 98/0 بود. ضریب تبیین در حالت دینامیکی برای بذر گندم، بذر یونجه و کود تریپل سوپرفسفات به ترتیب 93/0، 86/0 و 98/0 بود. به علاوه، حسگر پیزوالکتریک به خوبی تغییرات لحظه‌ای جریان جرمی در هر نرخ را متناسب با خوانش ترازوی دیجیتال پایش نمود. نتایج نشان داد که حسگر توسعه یافته را می‌توان برای پایش نرخ جریان جرمی بذر و کود در لوله سقوط  کارنده‌ها استفاده کرد تا به صورت برخط میزان اعمال نهاده در واحد سطح محاسبه شود.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات

عنوان مقاله [English]

Real-time monitoring of the mass flow rate of granular materials in the seeder tube using a piezoelectric sensor

نویسندگان [English]

  • salman ranjbari 1
  • MohammadReza Maleki 1
  • farzad mohammadi 2
  • jalal khodaei 1
  • Kaveh Mollazade 1
1 Department of Biosystems Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Kurdistan, Sanandaj, Iran
2 Department of Agricultural Machinery Engineering, Faculty of Agricultural, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran
چکیده [English]

It is difficult to accurately measure the flow rate of seeds and fertilizers in grain drills, because the granules move in a continuous dense state. The purpose of this research was to monitor the mass flow of granular materials in the fall tube of the drill using a piezoelectric sensor. The laboratory system consisted of a repository box, a fluted roller metering device, a fall tube, and a piezoelectric sensor. To simulate the drill movement in the field, a vibrating stand was designed to oscillate the set-up in two perpendicular directions. The maximum amplitude stand was 8.99 cm according to the peaks and depressions available in a field after plowing. The sensor was evaluated in two static and dynamic modes for wheat seed, alfalfa seed, and triple superphosphate fertilizer with the usual drilling rate. The results showed the output signal of the sensor was proportional to all different mass flow rates in both static and dynamic states. The correlation coefficient was 0.95, 0.99, and 0.98 in static mode and 0.93, 0.86, and 0.98 in dynamic mode for wheat, alfalfa seed, and triple superphosphate fertilizer, respectively. In addition, the piezoelectric sensor could instantaneously monitor the sudden changes in the mass flow according to the reading of the digital scale. The results showed that the developed sensor can be used to monitor the mass flow rate of seeds and fertilizers in drills for calculating the drilling rate in real time.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Contact sensing
  • Precision agriculture
  • Seed flow rate detection
  • Sensing unit
  • Sensor sensitivity

Real-time monitoring of the mass flow rate of granular materials in the seeder tube using a piezoelectric sensor

 

EXTENDED ABSTRACT

Introduction

In the modern agriculture, the two key issues determining the economic efficiency of arable land and industrial equipment utilization are the challenge of obtaining a uniform grain distribution over the entire field and the detection of drill tube clogging (Yatskul et al., 2017). Solving both issues allow for increasing the efficiency of food production while reducing the use of herbicides, seeds, fertilizers, and water. Practically, since grains move in a dense state, it is difficult to measure accurate grains flow rate. While optical measurement methods have been used to monitor the mass flow of seeds (Besharati et al., 2019), However, due to the existence of dust inside the drill tube, they are not reliable enough. As an alternative, a piezoelectric sensor can be used to measure the flow rate of seeds or granular fertilizers. Nevertheless, literature review shows that few research works utilized piezoelectric sensors for this purpose (Seminara et al., 2011; Maleki et al. 2008). Therefore, in this study, a measuring system was developed to monitor the mass flow of granular materials in the drill applicator's tube.

Materials and Methods

A laboratory set-up was developed to measure the mass flow of granular materials, avoiding the potential error available under field conditions. It consisted of a piezoelectric impact plate installed beneath a drill tube. To simulate the field condition, a vibratory stand was designed according to the drill oscillating, while traveling across the field. Then triple superphosphate in 5 application rates from 3.42±1.22 to 19.3±0.95 g/s, wheat seed in 8 application rates from 2.65±0.23 to 19.02±0.86 g/s, and alfalfa seed in 7 application rates from 0.42±0.02 to 1.6±0.08 g/s in 30 s time lap were measured in both static and dynamic conditions. The sensor performance in seed flow measurement would be appropriate if changes in obtained voltage data set from the sensor comply with granular grains mass changes measured by the digital scale. The standard deviation index was employed to evaluate the sensor performance in the instantaneous detection of mass flow rates.

Results and Discussion

The results showed that the mass flow was correlated with piezoelectric sensor signals for all examined materials. The sensor could monitor the mass flow rates of wheat (R2=0.98), alfalfa (R2=0.99), and triple superphosphate fertilizer (R2=0.99) both in static and dynamic conditions. According to the results, the sensor could effectively measure the mass flow both under static and dynamic conditions for wheat seeds from 2.65±0.23 to 14.22±0.78 g/s (80.16±11.56 to 430.18±23.59 kg/ha) and for triple superphosphate fertilizer from 3.75±0.42 to 15.14±0.63 g/s (113.44±10.27 to 458.01±18.75 kg/ha) at speed of 7 km/h and 17 cm inter-row spacing.  Also, according to the results obtained, the sensor could effectively measure the mass flow under dynamic condition for alfalfa seeds from 0.42±0.02 to 1.57±0.08 g/s (16.61±0.79 to 62.10±3.16 kg/ha) at speed of 7 km/h and 13 cm inter-row spacing. Since the alfalfa seeds had nearly fine sizes, it was necessary to increase the sensitivity of the sensor, which made it possible to monitor the mass flow well in the static condition, but due to the decrease in the signal-to-noise ratio, the performance of the sensor decreased in the dynamic condition. These results were proved by analysis of variance and compare means test. In addition, the more accurate instantaneous mass flow sensing, the less variation in standard deviation was calculated over the examined time for both sensor and digital scale signals.

Conclusion

The piezoelectric impact sensing system is acceptably used to estimate the seed mass flow rate according to the strong linear relationship between the actual seed mass changes and the system-acquired voltages Results showed that the developed sensor can be used in practical sowing to detect the seed flow rate on grain drills.

 

 

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مهندسی بیوسیستم ایران
دوره 54، شماره 1
(فصل بهار)
فروردین 1402
صفحه 17-36

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  • تاریخ دریافت: 17 اسفند 1401
  • تاریخ بازنگری: 10 تیر 1402
  • تاریخ پذیرش: 01 مرداد 1402

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