توسعه، آزمون آزمایشگاهی و مزرعه‌ای یک حسگر بولینگ برای اندازه‌گیری تنش در خاک

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 دانشگاه شهرکرد

2 دانشگاه صنعتی اصفهان

چکیده

در این مطالعه یک نمونه حسگر بولینگ استوانه­ای برای اندازه­گیری تنش در خاک تحت عبور تایر ساخته و آزمون شد. این حسگر متشکل از یک هد لاستیکی برای حس کردن تنش در خاک، لوله PVC برای انتقال فشار، حسگر دیجیتال فشار و یک سرنگ جهت اعمال فشار داخلی اولیه می­باشد. با آزمون آزمایشگاهی حسگر در مخزن تحت فشار هوا در چهار سطح ۲۵، ۵۰، ۷۵ وkPa  ۱۰۰ رابطه بین فشار هوای درون مخزن و فشار حسگر بولینگ مورد بررسی قرار گرفت که روابطی کاملاً خطی نشان داد. همچنین در چهار سطح فشار داخلی اولیه، اختلاف فشار حسگر بولینگ و فشار داخلی اولیه با فشار هوای داخل مخزن تناظر یک به یک با حدی (کمتر از 5%) از انحراف را نشان داد. آزمون مزرعه­ای سه حسگر بولینگ نصب شده در عمق­های 15، 30 وcm  45 تحت عبور تایر تراکتور و کمباین تغییرات تنش با عمق را به خوبی نشان داد. 

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات


عنوان مقاله [English]

Development, Laboratory and Field Testings of a Bolling Probe for Measuring Stress in Soil

نویسندگان [English]

  • Mojtaba Naderi Beldaji 1
  • Ali Kazemzadeh 1
  • Abbas Hemmat 2
  • Sajjad Rostami 1
1
2
چکیده [English]

In this study, a cylindrical Bolling probe was developed and evaluated for measuring stress in soil under tire traffic. The probe consists of a silicon rubber head for sensing the soil stress, a PVC tube for transferring the liquid pressure, a digital pressure sensor and a syringe for filling the probe with water and adjusting the initial inclusion pressure. A tank with pressurized air was used for laboratory testing of the probe. The probe head was put into the tank and with sealing the slits, the probe was tested at four initial inclusion pressures of 25, 50, 75 and 100 kPa. The relationship between Bolling and air pressures was investigated. The results showed perfectly linear relationships between the air and Bolling pressures at different initial inclusion pressures. The difference between the Bolling pressure and initial inclusion pressure versus air pressure slightly (<5%) deviated from 1:1 line. Field testing of three Bolling probes at 15, 30 and 45 cm depth in wheeling experiments with tractor and combine harvester showed a satisfactory measurement of stress variations with depth.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • traffic
  • tire
  • Stress
  • Soil compaction
  • Bolling probe
Arvidsson, J., Westlin, H., Keller, T. & Gillberg, M. (2011). Rubber track systems for conventional tractors–effects on soil compaction and traction. Soil and Tillage Research,117, 103–109.
Berli, M., Kirby, J.M., Springman, S.M., Schulin, R. (2003). Modelling compaction of agricultural subsoils by tracked heavy construction machinery under various moisture conditions in Switzerland. Soil and Tillage Research, 73, 57–66.
Berli, M., Eggers, C.G., Accorsi, M.L. & Or, D. (2006). Theoretical analysis of fluid inclusion for in situ soil stress and deformation measurements. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 70, 1441–1452.
Bolling, I. (1987). Bodenverdichtung und Triebkraftverhalten bei Reifen-Neue Mess-und Rechenmethoden. (In German.) PhD Thesis. Technische Universität München, München.
Boussinesq J. (1885). Application des Potentiels a` l’e´tude de l’e´ quilibre et du Mouvement des Solides E´lastiques. Gauthier-Villars. Paris. pp. 30.
Ghezzehei, T.A. & Or, D. (2001). Rheological properties of wet soils and clays under steady and oscillatory stresses. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 65, 624–637.
Gysi, M., Klubertanz, G., Vulliet, L. (2000). Compaction of an Eutric Cambisol under heavy wheel traffic in Switzerland – field data and modelling. Soil and Tillage Research, 56, 117–129.
Hamza, M.A. & Anderson, W.K. (2005). Soil compaction in cropping systems: A review of the nature, causes and possible solutions. Soil and Tillage Research, 82, 121-145.
Horn, R., Way, T. & Rostek, J. (2003). Effect of repeated tractor wheeling on stress/strain properties and consequences on physical properties in structured arable soils. Soil and Tillage Research, 73, 101–106.
Keller, T. (2004). Soil compaction and soil tillage – Studies in agricultural soil mechanics. PhD dissertation, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden.
Keller, T. & Arvidsson, J. (2004). Technical solutions to reduce the risk of subsoil compaction: effects of dual wheels, tandem wheels and tyre inflation pressure on stress propagation in soil. Soil and Tillage Research, 79, 171–205.
Keller, T. & Lamande´, M. (2010). Challenges in the development of analytical soil compaction models. Soil and Tillage Research, 111, 54-64.
Keller, T. & Arvidsson, J. (2016). A model for prediction of vertical stress distribution near the soil surface below rubber-tracked undercarriage systems fitted on agricultural vehicles. Soil and Tillage Research, 155, 116-123.
Keller, T., Défossez, P., Weisskopf, P., Arvidsson, J. & Richard, G. (2007). SoilFlex: A model for prediction of soil stresses and soil compaction due to agricultural field traffic including a synthesis of analytical approaches. Soil and Tillage Research, 93, 391-411.
Keller, T., Arvidsson, J., Schjønning, P., Lamande´, M., Stettler, M. & Weisskopf, P. (2012). In situ subsoil stress-strain behavior in relation to soil precompression stress. Soil Science, 177(8), 490-497.
Keller, T., Lamande´, M., Peth, S., Berli, M., Delenne, J.-Y., Baumgarten, W., Radjaϊ, F., Rajchenbach, J., Selvadurai, A.P.S. & Or, D. (2013). An interdisciplinary approach towards improved understanding of soil deformation during compaction. Soil and Tillage Research, 128, 61-80.
Keller, T., Berli, M., Ruiz, S., Lamande´, M., Arvidsson, J., Schjønning, P. & Selvadurai, A.P.S. (2014). Transmission of vertical soil stress under agricultural tyres: Comparing measurements with simulations. Soil and Tillage Research, 140C, 106-117.
Kirby, J.M. (1999). Soil stress measurements: part I: transducer in a uniform stress field. Journal of Agricultural Engineering Research, 72, 151–160.
Lamande´, M., Schjonning, P. & Togersen, F.A. (2007). Mechanical behaviour of an undisturbed soil subjected to loadings: effects of load and contact area. Soil and Tillage Research, 97, 91–106.
Lamandé, M., Keller, T., Berisso, F., Stettler, M. & Schjønning, P. (2014). Accuracy of soil stress measurements as affected by transducer dimensions and shape. Soil and Tillage Research, 145, 72-77.
Pytka J. (2005). Effects of repeated rolling of agricultural tractors on soil stress and deformation state in sand and loess. Soil and Tillage Research, 82, 77-88.
Pytka, J. & Dabrowski, J. (2001). Determination of the stress–strain relationship for sandy soil in field experiments. Journal of Terramechanics, 38, 185-200.
Raper, R.L. & Arriaga, F.G. (2005). Effect of vehicle load, transducer depth, and transducer type on soil pressures. ASAE Paper No. 051159. St. Joseph, Mich.: ASAE.
Timoshenko, S.P. & Goodier, J.N. (1970). Theory of elasticity. 3rd ed. McGraw-Hill, Tokyo.
van den Akker, J.J.H., 2004. SOCOMO: a soil compaction model to calculate soil stresses and the subsoil carrying capacity. Soil and Tillage Research, 79, 113-127.
Vyalov, S.S. (1986). Rheological fundamentals of soil mechanics. Elsevier, Amsterdam.
Weiler, W.A. & Kulhawy, F.H. (1982). Factors affecting stress cell measurements in soil. Journal of Geotechnical Engineering Division, 108, 1529–1584.
Wood, D.M. (1990). Soil behavior and critical state soil mechanics. 1st ed. Cambridge University Press.
Yong, R.N. (2003). Influence of microstructural features on water, ion diffusion and transport in clay soils. Applied Clay Science, 23, 3-13.